Graft polymerization onto nanoparticles

Because the commercially available nanoparticles stick to each other and form large agglomerates, simple addition of these agglomerated nanoparticles into polymers would result in composites with properties even worse than the unfilled version. Therefore, surface modification of nanoparticles has to be made in advance to decrease par tides/par tides interaction and increase particles/polymer matrix interaction. 

Solvent Dimethyl benzene Hexane Cyclohexane Acetone Butanone 

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The treatment based on graft polymerization onto nanoparticles provides polymeric composites with a tailorable interphase. Filler/matrix interfacial adhesion can be improved by the grafting polymers adhered to the nanoparticles, which create entanglements or chemical bonding with the matrix molecules. The... 

The reduction of waste solvent was achieved by use of ionic liquid as reaction solvent, because unreacted monomer could be removed under high vacuum after the reaction and the reuse of ionic liquid was easily achieved. Therefore, the graft polymerization onto nanoparticle surface in ionic liquid enables environmentally friendly scale-up synthesis of polymer-grafted nanoparticles. 

Grafting polymerization onto nanosilica can also increase the interfacial interaction between the particles and the epoxy matrix through chemical bonding. It proves to be an efficient way to further enhance the effect of the nanoparticles on the improvements of the tribological performance. 

M. Z. Rong, M. Q. Zhang, G. Shi, Q. L. Ji, B. Wetzel, K. Friedrich (2003) Graft polymerization onto inorganic nanoparticles and its effect on tribological performance improvement of polymer composites, Tribol. Int. 36, 697. 

Glasel, H.-)., Bauer, E., Ernst, H., Findeisen, M., Hartmann, E., Langguth, H., Mehnert, R., and Schubert, R. (2000) Preparation of scratch and abrasion resistant polymeric nanocomposites by monomer grafting onto nanoparticles,... 

RAFT polymerization used to graft polystyrene onto silica nanoparticles... 

Besides the aforesaid irradiation induced graft polymerization, chemical graft is also able to introduce different polymers onto the surfaces of silica nanoparticles. In this way, finely controlled graft products can be obtained. Comparatively, this approach is more suitable for fundamental research that leads to... 

To further bring the positive effects of nanoparticles into play, we introduced reactive compatibilizing into naiioparticles filled PP composites as follows [BOSS]. Firstly, the monomer glycidyl methaciylate (GMA) with reactive epoxide groups was introduced onto Si02 nanoparticles by chemical graft polymerization... 

In this Chapter, for the purpose of the prevention of the environmental pollution and the simplification of surface grafting process, the radical graft polymerization of vinyl monomers onto silica nanoparticle and carbon black surfaces by "grafting onto" and "grafting from" process in an ionic liquid will be reviewed. In addition, the grafting of hyperbranched poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) onto silica nanoparticle surface by dendrimer synthesis methodology in an ionic liquid will be discussed. 

As mentioned above, the radial graft polymerization of vinyl monomers onto silica nanoparticle and carbon black surface was initiated by surface azo groups previously introduced onto the surface, and we can obtain the corresponding polymer-grafted silica nanoparticle and carbon black by the "grafting from" process (Tsubokawa et al., 1990 Fujiki et al., 1990 Tsubokawa et al., 1992a). 

Radical graft polymerization of vinyl monomers initiated by azo groups introduced onto silica nanoparticle and carbon black surface in ionic liquid... 

The graft polymerization of 8-caprolactone onto magnetite was carried out under microwave irradiation in the presence of tin (II) 2-ethylhexanoate. (Nan et al., 2009). The molar ratio of 8-caprolactone to tin (II) 2-ethylhexanoate was 300, whereas the molar ratio of 8-caprolactone to magnetite was 5. The chemical structures of the obtained poly (8-caprolactone) coated magnetic nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR and XPS spectroscopy. 

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