Polymeric nanoparticle internalization

D. E. Owens III, N. A. Peppas, Opsonization, biodistribution, and pharmacokinetics of polymeric nanoparticles International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 307, 93-102 (2006). 

Zarrabi, A., M. Vossoughi, 1. Alemzadeh, and M.R. Chitsazi. Monodispersed polymeric nanoparticles fabrication by electrospray atomization. International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials 61(8) (2012) 611-626. 

Besides the above-mentioned experiments using PS-based nanoparticles, PMI could be successfully incorporated into phosphate-functionalized PMMA and PS [42], polyisoprene (PI), PS-co-PI [43], polyester [44], and poly(butylcyanoacrylate) (PBCA) [45,46] matrices (Fig. 4) for the investigation of cellular response to these polymeric nanoparticles. It could be shown that the internalization in different cell lines depends on the cell line, the polymer, and the surface functionalization of the nanoparticles. 

In addition to giving information about the shape and internal structure of colloidal aggregates, SANS studies can also be used profitably to determine the thickness and conformation of polymer layers adsorbed onto the surface of colloidal particles such as latex nanoparticles, and in some special cases, the surface of emulsion droplets. ° In such studies, the particles on which the polymer is adsorbed must generally be very accurately contrast matched to the solvent so as to allow information to be obtained only about the adsorbed layer. SANS studies have also been recently used in combination with differential scanning calorimetry and visual inspection of the solutions, to draw up a (simplified) partial phase diagram of the aggregation behavior of a polymeric surfactant in water.t ... 

It was shown that the uptake behavior is greatly affected by the type of the polymer (see Fig. 5). In the case of polyisoprene, the uptake of non-functionalized nanoparticles without any transfection agents into different adherent (HeLa) and also suspension (Jurkat) cell lines is extremely fast compared to other polymeric particles and, moreover, leads to high particle loading of the cells. The internalized... 

Nanoparticle fabrication includes methods such as solvent evaporation, spontaneous emulsification, solvent diffusion, salting out/emulsification diffusion, and polymerization techniques [24]. The synthesis method can greatly impact the particle s physical, chemical, and biological properties and the dispersion and stability of the particles, which are important considerations in biomedical applications. The nanoparticle size and shape is of great importance because the internalization, circulation, distribution, and targeting aspects of the system can be affected by these characteristics [5]. 

In drug delivery, nanoparticles show great promise by altering the bioavailability, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties of drug molecules to improve therapeutic delivery however, clinical translation has been slow with the lack of ideal and established solutions for precise targeting, cell internalization, and controlled drug solubility and release [24]. Polymeric nanomedicine can address these challenges. 

K. Landfester, Miniemulsion polymerization and the structure of polymer and hybrid nanoparticles, Angewandte Chemie International Edition 48 (2009) 4488-4507. 

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