Encapsulation of polymeric nanoparticles

V. Kousaev, S. Sosnowski, S. Slomkowski, and G. Golomb. 2000. Sustained delivery and expression of DNA encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles. Gene Ther. 7 1896-1905. 

Faridi-Majidi R, Sharifi-Sanjani N, Agend F (2006) Encapsulation of magnetic nanoparticles with polystyrene via emulsifier-free miniemulsion polymerization. Thin Solid Films 515 368-374... 

Bisht S, Mizuma M, Feldmann G, Ottenhof NA, Hong S-M, Pramanik D et al. Systemic administration of polymeric nanoparticle-encapsulated curcumin (NanoCurc) blocks tumor growth and metastases in preclinical models of pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer Then 2010 9(8) 2255-2264. 

Another method to create hybrid nanoparticles is encapsulation of smaller nanoparticles, such as dendrimers, into larger nanoparticles, such as polymeric nanoparticle and liposomes using a double emulsion method.[36] Double emulsions may be formed with either the water-in-oil-in-water (W/OAV) or the oil-in-water-in-oil types (O/W/O). The W/O/W double emulsion method is more commonly used as it stabilizes the particles in the aqueous phase and encapsulates hydrophilic materials into a variety of polymers or copolymers with a controlled particle size. [37] This method allows for the preparation of hybrid nanoparticles that have two-size scale, i.e., polymeric nanoparticles of 50-200 nm and encapsulated dendrimers or other polymer conjugates of <10 nm).[36,38] The encapsulation process is affected by several parameters such as the chemical composition of the outer layers, size and surface charges of dendrimers, and ratios of the outer and inner nanoparticles. [36,25]... 

Cross-linking of polymeric nanoparticles is a commonly used method to confer unique physical attributes including enhanced stabihty and retention of encapsulated compounds. Two distinct approaches to cross-linking ROMP-based polymeric nanoparticles have been demonstrated in the literature. The first approach, pursued by Grubbs and coworkers [85], involves the polymerization of a cinnamoyl-containing NBE monomer that undergoes [2 -l- 2] dimerization upon irradiation with ultraviolet light. A hydrophobic, cinnamoyl-modified NBE (NBE-cinn) is polymerized in one block, and a hydrophilic PEG monomer (NBE-PEG) is polymerized as the other block in order to afford an amphiphilic... 

Costoyas, A., Ramos, J., and Forcada, (. (2009) Encapsulation of silica nanoparticles by miniemulsion polymerization. Journal of Polymer Science Part A Polymer Chemistry, 47 (3), 935—948. 

In the first section, various kinds of functional polymer, in particular the most used conductive polymer, conjugated polymer (CP), redox polymer, metallopolymer. Selection of the correct functional polymer depends on the desired properties of the resulting nanocomposites. The second part of the chapter focuses on the basic approaches used in the preparation of polymeric nanoparticles. As mentioned earlier, there are two basic approaches in the recent literature to synthesize the polymeric nanoparticles. In this section, we focus on the discussion of the common and widely used preparation methods for various kinds of polymeric nanoparticles. The polymerization method is based on the encapsulation of nanoparticles through heterogeneous polymerization in dispersion media. This method can be further classified into emulsion, microemulsion and miniemulsion. Polymer encapsulated nanoparticles can also be prepared directly from preformed polymer, where this approach is based on the specific interactions between nanoparticles and the preformed polymer, such as electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions and secondary molecular interactions or self-assembly method. 

Forcada J, Ramos J. Encapsulation of inorganic nanoparticles by miniemulsion polymerization. In Mittal V, editor. Miniemulsion polymerization technology. Hoboken, NJ, USA John Wiley Sons, Inc 2010. p. 71-96. 

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