Polymer-electrolyte-based lithium battery

Polyphosphazene-based PEMs are potentially attractive materials for both hydrogen/air and direct methanol fuel cells because of their reported chemical and thermal stability and due to the ease of chemically attaching various side chains for ion exchange sites and polymer cross-linking onto the — P=N— polymer backbone. Polyphosphazenes were explored originally for use as elastomers and later as solvent-free solid polymer electrolytes in lithium batteries, and subsequently for proton exchange membranes. 

Ramesh, S., Arof, A. K. (2009). A study incorporating nano-sized silica into PVC-blend-based polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries, I. Mater. Sci.. 44(23), 6404-6407. 

Solid polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries have been described that are based on similar constituents [116]. 

Solid polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries applications are commonly prepared by dissolving a lithium salt in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based materials. Chiappone et al. investigated these systems by a Li and NMR study yielding local dynamics and mass transport by temperature-dependent Ti and PFG-NMR diffusion measurements. 

Chen-Yang, Y.W., Wang, Y, Chen, Y, Li, Y, Chen, H., and Chiu, H. (2008) Influence of silica aerogel on the properties of polyethylene oxide-based nanocomposite polymer electrolytes for lithium battery, J. Power Sourc., 182, 340-348. 

MAGiSTRis, A., QUARTARONE, E., MUSTARELLi, p., et ol., PVDF-based porous polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries. Solid State Ionics, 2002,152,347-54. 

STEPHAN A M and NAHM K s (2006), Review on composite polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries . Polymer, 47 5952-5964 SUN J, MACFARLANE D R and FORSYTH M (2003), Novel alkaline polymer electrolytes based on tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide , Electrochimica Acta, 48 1971-1976 TAKAMURA T (2006), Trends in advanced batteries and key materials in the new century . Solid State Ionics, 152-153 19-34 VANDENBERG E J, MULLIS JC, JUVET R S, MILLER T and NIEMAN R A (1989), Poly(3-hydroxyoxetane) - an analog of poly(vinyl alcohol) synthesis, characterization, and properties , / Polym Sci Part A, 27 3113-3149 WAKIHARA M (2001), Recent developments in hthium ion batteries . Mater Sci Eng, R33 109-134... 

Raghavan P, Choi J-W, Ahn J-H, Chetuvally G, Chauhan GS, Ahn H-J, Nah C (2008) Novel electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)-in situ Si02 composite membrane-based polymer electrolyte for lithium batteries. J Power Sources 184(2) 437-443... 

Because the conductivity of polymer electrolytes is generally low, thin batteries are assembled (50-200 pm) with electrolyte thickness ranging from 20 to 50 pm. Conventional polymer electrolytes based on PEO and lithium salts, owing to their high crystallinity, reach useful conductivity values only at temperatures above 60 °C, i.e., above the melting temperature of the crystalline phase. If the low conductivity at room temperature prevents their application for consumer electronics, this does not represent an obstacle for electric vehicles, for which an operating temperature higher than that of the transition in the amorphous phase is expected. 

Abraham, K. and Z. Jiang, A polymer electrolyte-based rechargeable lithium/oxygen battery. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1996, 143, 1. 

Hayamizu and Akiba measured self-diffusion coefficients of lithium ion, anion and solvent in the electrolytes for lithium batteries. The self-association of some anions is discussed. Sekhon et u/. investigated the diffusive motion of cations and anions in polyethylene oxide based polymer electrolytes. Translational motion was found above Tg. 

Ramesh,S.,Ramesh,K.,Arof,A.K. [2013).Fumedsilica-dopedpoly(vinyl chloride]-poly(ethylene oxide) [PVC/PEO)-based polymer electrolyte for lithium ion battery IntJ. Electrochem. Set, 8[6), 8348-8355. 

V. Aravindan, P. Vickraman, K. Krishnaraj, Polym. Int. 2008, 57, 932-938. Lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate-based novel nanocomposite polymer electrolytes for lithium ion batteries. 

Batteries. Polymer electrolytes based on PEO have been widely reviewed (220,221). The prospect of using a thin-layer, flexible battery for applications ranging from cellular phones to electric vehicles has led to several patents (222,223) and research papers in this fleld. Typically, a salt such as potassium iodide, lithium triflate, or lithium perchlorate is complexed with PEO in a methylene chloride solvent. The solution complex is cast into thin Aims and the solvent... 

Solid electrolyte The most efficient and highly reliable electrolyte best suited for batteries and fuel cells in spacecraft and satellite applications. Polyethylenoxide (PEO) A lithium salt complex that has been recognized as a liquid-free SPE. Because of its unique structure, the SPE electrical conductivity becomes appreciable only above room temperatures. According to the material scientists, this material is best suited for a positive electrode in a polymer electrolyte based on PEO. It yields exceptional stability of the electrode at operating temperatures from —60° to 80°C. 

Appetecchi, G. B. Kim, G.-T. Montanino, M. Alessandrini, F. Passerini, S. (2008). Solvent-free, PYR14TFSI ionic liquids-based ternary polymer electrolyte systems. II. Battery tests. ECS Transactions, 11, 29, (2008, Rechargeable Lithium and Lithium Ion Batteries), 119-129... 

Wang Z, Tang Z (2003) Characterization of the polymer electrolyte based on the blend of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) and poly(vinyl pyrrohdone) for lithium ion battery. Mater Chem Phys 82(1) 16-20, http //dx.doi.org/10.1016/80254-0584(03)00241-4... 

Raghavan P, Manuel J, Zhao X, Kim D-S, Ahn J-H, Nah C (2011) Preparation and electrochemical characterization of gel polymer electrolyte based on electrospun polyacrylonitrile nonwoven membranes for lithium batteries. J Power Sources 196(16) 6742-6749. doi 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.10.089... 

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