Composite polymer electrolytes

Skotheim et al. [286, 357, 362] have performed in situ electrochemistry and XPS measurements using a solid polymer electrolyte (based on poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) [363]), which provides a large window of electrochemical stability and overcomes many of the problems associated with UHV electrochemistrty. The use of PEO as an electrolyte has also been investigated by Prosperi et al. [364] who found slow diffusion of the dopant at room temperature as would be expected, and Watanabe et al. have also produced polypyrrole/solid polymer electrolyte composites [365], The electrochemistry of chemically prepared polypyrrole powders has also been investigated using carbon paste electrodes [356, 366] with similar results to those found for electrochemically-prepared material. 

Note 6 Electric conductance of a nonconducting polymer can be achieved by dispersing conducting particles (e.g., metal, carbon black) in the polymer. The resulting materials are referred to as conducting polymer composites or solid polymer-electrolyte composites. 

I. Pinnau and L.G. Toy, Solid Polymer Electrolyte Composite Membranes for Olefin/ Paraffin Separation, 7. Membr. Sci. 184, 39 (2001). 

Figure 4 Schematic diagram of the electrolytic cell with a solid polymer electrolyte composite electrode. SPE = Neosepta AM-1 CE = Pt wire RE = Ag/AgCl WEC = cathode compartment CEC = anode compartment. (From Ref. 29.)...

Inaba M, Sawai K, Ogumi Z, Takehara Z. Electroreduction of a chlorofluoro-ethane on a solid polymer electrolyte composite electrode. Chem Lett 1995 471 172. 

Delli E, Kouloumtzoglou S, Kyriacou G, Lambrou Ch. Electrochemical reduction of CCI2F2 on Nafion solid polymer electrolyte composite electrodes. Chem Commun 1998 1693-1694. 

Polyglycidol containing cyanoethyl, (III), trimethylsilylacetyl, and cyanoben-zoyl termini were prepared by Sata [3] and used as a component in ion-conductive polymer electrolyte compositions. 

N. Fujiwara, K. Asaka, Y. Nishimura, K. Oguro and E. Torikai, Preparation of gold-solid polymer electrolyte composites as electric stimuli-responsive materials, Chem. Mater., 2000, 12, 1750-1754. 

P. Millet, R. Durand, E. Dartyge, G. Tourillon and A. Fontaine, Preparation of metallic Platinum into Nafion ionomer membranes. 1. Experimental results, J. Electrochem. Soc., 1993, 140, 1373 P. Millet, F. Andolfatto and R. Durand, Preparation of solid polymer electrolyte composites investigation of the precipitation process, J. Appl. Electrochem., 1995, 25, 227. 

Li, J., Pratt, L. M., and Khan, I. M., Poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(2-vinylpyridine)/lith-ium perchlorate blends as solid polymer electrolytes. Composition/property/structure interrelationship, J. Polym. Sci. Chem. Ed., 33, 1657-1663 (1995). 

Smart skins are to be considered in the context of radar absorbing materials where solutions have been given in [113,114]. Smart microwave windows have been proposed in the context of using poly(aniline)-silver-polymer electrolyte composite materials which have shown a change in microwave reflectivity when a small electrical dc potential is applied among them [115]. An adaptive radar absorbing structure based on the topology of a Salisbury screen combined with an active frequency selective surface controlled by PIN diodes has been described in [116] which allows for superior reflectivity-bandwidth. 

Figure 5.5 Chemical plating of gold onto the surface of the ion exchange polymer using a cationic gold complex such as dichlorophenanthrolinegold (III) (Reprinted with permission from Fujiwara, N., Asaka, K., Nishimura, Y. et al. Preparation of Gold-Solid Polymer Electrolyte Composites As Electric Stimuli-Responsive Materials, Chem. of Mat., 12 (6), 1750—4. Copyright (1999) American Chemical Society).

Fujiwara N, Asaka K, Nishimura Y et al (2000) Preparation of gold — solid polymer electrolyte composites as electric stimuli-responsive materials. Chem Mater 12(6) 1750-1754 Fukushima T, Asaka K, Kosaka A et al (2005) Fully plastic actuator through layer-by-layer casting with ionic-liquid-based bucky gel. Angew Chem hit Ed 44 2410-2413 Gao R, Wang D, Heflin JR et al (2012) Imidazolium sulfonate-containing pentablock copolymer-ionic liquid membranes for electroactive actuators. J Mater Chem 22 13473-13476 Gogotsi Y, Nikitin A, Ye H et al (2003) Nanoporous carbide-derived carbon with tunable pore size. Nat Mater 2(9) 591-594... 

In solid polymer electrolyte-composite cathode types, solid polymer electrolytes, a more recently developed material, have this required conductivity and are seen as ideal electrolytes for solid state batteries. 

Harwell UK are developing a solid state cell based on four very thin layers (50-60 pm each) comprising a lithium foil-polymer electrolyte-composite cathode-nickel foil current collector (lOym). 

Table 10.2 summarizes the improvements in performance of DSSC parameters achieved by the different modihcations introduced in the polymer electrolyte composition. 

---