Polyacrylonitrile , electrospun

The well-known fact that the rate of electrochemical reactions is proportional to the surface area of the electrode makes ICP electrospun fibers ideal candidates as electrode materials in other small electrochemical devices such as supercapacitors and batteries. The small diameter of the fibers makes it possible for ions to rapidly diffuse between the center of the fiber and the surrounding electrolyte, which should lead to enhanced performance of electrochemical devices constructed from these electrospun fibers. Although no energy storage devices have so far been fabricated that utilize ICP electrospun fiber electrodes, there have been reports of using graphitized polyacrylonitrile electrospun fibers as the electrode material for fabricating carbon-based supercapacitors [186]. 

Mirbaha, H., Nouri. M, and Ghamgosar A. Polypyrrol Coated Polyacrylonitril Electrospun Nanofibers. AUTEX2008, biella, Italy (2008). 

Fang, X. and Olesik, S.V. 2014. Carbon nanotube and carbon nanorod-filled polyacrylonitrile electrospun stationary phase for ultrathin layer chromatography. Anal. Chim. Acta, 830 1-10. 

Yoon Y, Hsiao BS, Chu B (2009) High flux ultrafiltration nanofibrous membranes based on polyacrylonitrile electrospun scaffolds and crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol coating. J Membr Sci 338(1-2) 145-152. doi 10.1016/j.memsci.2009.04.020... 

Hou, H.Q., Ge, J.J., and Zeng, J., 2005. Electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers containing a high concentration of well-aligned multiwall carbon nanotubes, Chem. Mater., 17(5), pp. 967-973. 

Ji, L. and Zhang, X. Generation of activated carbon nanofibers from electrospun polyacrylonitrile-zinc chloride composites for use as anodes in hthium-ion batteries. Electrochem. Commun. 2009,11(3), 684-687. 

Other studies in 2000 by Drew et al. reported that it is very difficult to spin fibers of PANI complexed to sulfonated polystyrene (PANFSPS), even when solutions containing sodium chloride and dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid sodium salt were used to lower the surface tension and thereby enhance electrospinning [16,17]. However, PANFSPS nanofibers can be produced by adding a carrier polymer such as PEO, polyacrylonitrile, or polyurethane. Also reported was the use of electrostatically layered sulfonated polystyrene as a template for the surface polymerization of conjugated polymers in their conducting form. Enzymatic synthesis of PANI and a copolymer of pyrrole and PEDOT was done on electrospun nanofiber... 

Electrospun carbon precursor fibers, based on polyacrylonitrile (PAN] and mesophase pitch, having diameters in the range from 100 nm to a few microns, were stabilized and carbonized. These carbon nanofibers had a very high aspect ratio. Nanopores were produced in CNFs made from PAN by a high-temperature reaction with water vapor carried in nitrogen gas by increasing the surface area per unit mass of carbon black. For conductive CNT/polymer composite fibers, CNTs were incorporated into poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) in iV,iV-dimethylformamide [DMF] solutions and electrospun to form CNT/PVDF fiber mats.The thinnest fiber was obtained as 7 0 nm in diameter. 

Zhou Z., Lai C., Zhang L., Qian Y, Hou H., Reneker D. H., and Fong H., Development of carbon nanofibers from aligned electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofiber bundles and characterization of their microstructural, electrical, and mechanical properties. Polymer, 2009, 50,2999-3006. 

Sutasinpromprae J, Jitjaicham S, Nithitanakul M, Meechaisue C, Supaphol P (2006) Preparation and characterization of ultrafine electrospun polyacrylonitrile fibers and their subsequent pyrolysis to carbon fibers. Polym Int 55 825-833... 

FIGURE 2.35 SEM micrograph of polypyrrole-coated electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers. 

Fennessey, S.R, and R.J. Farris. 2004. Fabrication of aligned and molecularly oriented electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and the mechanical behavior of their twisted yarns. Polymer 45 4217-4225. 

Chen, L., Bromberg, L., Schreuder-Gibson, H., Walker, J., Hatton, T.A. and Rutledge, G.C. 2009. Chemical protection fabrics via surface oximation of electrospun polyacrylonitrile fiber mats../. Mater. Chem.. 19 2432-24.38. 

Sakai, S., Liu, Y, Yamaguchi, T., Watanabe, R., Kawabe, M. and Kawakami, K. 2010. ImmobUization of Pseudomonas cepacia bpase onto electrospun polyacrylonitrile fibers through physical adsorption and appbcation to transesterification in nonaqueous solvent. Riotechnol. I tt. 32 1059-1062. 

Zhang, H., Nie, H., Yu, D., Wu, C., Zhang, Y, White, C.J.B. and Zhu, L. 2010b. Surface modification of electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofiber towards developing an affinity membrane for bromelain adsorption, 256 141-147. 

Fig. 44. Different from other ID feature, few researches have reported the ID Bi2MOg with microtube structure. Similar with the preparation method adopted by Sun et al, Zhang et used electrospun polyacrylonitrile microfibers as template to develop tube-like structure of Bi2MOs. During this preparation process, the diameter of template is related with the in-diameter of obtained ID Bi2MOe microtube. Besides, the calcinations temperature must be strictly controlled to avoid the structural collapse.

While there has been great interest in the preparation of nanofibers, the studies on metal-oiganic polymers are rare. In the most recent investigation in this field, the growth of MOF (MIL-47) on electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) mat was studied using in situ microwave irradiation [18]. MIL-47 consists of vanadium cations associated to six oxygen atoms, forming chains connected by terephthalate linkers (Fig. 6). 

FIGURE 2.34 SEM micrograph of the electrospun fibers produced from a blend of CSA-doped polyaniline and polyacrylonitrile. 

Chun et al. [93] produced carbon nano fibers with diameter in the range from 100 nm to a few microns from electrospim polyacrylonitrile and me-sophase pitch precursor fibers. Wang et al. [94, 95] produced carbon nanofibers from carbonizing of electrospun PAN nanofibers and studied their structure and conductivity. Hou et al. [96] reported a method to use the carbonized electrospun PAN nanofibers as substrates for the formation of multiwall carbon Nanotubes. Kim et al. [14, 97] produced carbon nanofibers from PAN-based or pitch-based electrospim fibers and studied the electrochemical properties of carbon nanofibers web as an electrode for supercapacitor. 

Zhou, Z. et al. (2009). Development of Carbon Nanofibers from Ahgned Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile Nanofiber Bundles and Characterization of Their Microstructural, Electrical, and Mechanical Properties. Pot m 50, 2999—3006. 

Gu, S., Ren, J., Vancso, G. (2005). Process optimization and empirical modeling for electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber precursor of carbon nanofibers. j jlQp mPolymerJoun 41, 2559-2568. 

Yamashita, Y. et al. (2008). Carbonization Conditions for Electrospun Nanofiber of Polyacrylonitrile Copolymer. Indian Journal of Fiber and Textile Research, 33, 345-353. 

Ji, L. et al. (2009). Porous Carbon Nanofibers from Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile... 

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