Polyhedral inclusion

The virions of subgroups A and B are occluded in a protein matrix, whereas virions of subgroups C and D have no inclusion bodies (Figure 1). Because the inclusions of subgroup A frequently have a polyhedral shape, they are called polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) or, simply, polyhedra the disease caused by these viruses is known as nuclear polyhedrosis or nucleopolyhedrosis. The virions occluded in polyhedra can be unicapsid (one nucleocapsid per envelope) or multicapsid (more than one nucleocapsid per envelope, usually from two to seven, rarely more). 

Until recently, the polyhedral inclusion body has been used conveniently as the "unit of potency of NPV preparations. Thus, in the United States, the potency of preparations of NPV of Heliothis spp. was expressed in "viral units" (1 VU 109 pib), in "larval equivalents" (lLE 6VU 6x 10 PIB), or simply in billions (10 ) PIB per unit weight or volume of the preparation. The reproducibility of PIB counts, however, is... 

Pieris brassicae Granulovirus Polyhedral inclusion bodies Pieris rapae Granulovirus Tri-(n-butyl)-phosphate Trichoplusia ni Granulovirus Trichoplusia ni Nuclear Polyhedrosis Vims Vaccinia virus Variola virus... 

Mingos has recently developed an electron counting procedure (which may be described as Polyhedral Inclusion ) which is based on the formal division of the high nuclearity cluster into an internal (encapsulated) polyhedron and an external (surface) polyhedron128. Three sub-classes of close-packed cluster have been identified ... 

Polyhedral Inclusion High nuclearity cluster may be formally divided into an incapsulated, internal polyhedron and other surface, external polyhedron. 21,22... 

A Inclusion of structural information. The names described so far detail ligands and central atoms, but give no information on stereochemistry. The coordination number and shape of the coordination polyhedron may be denoted, if desired, by a polyhedral symbol. These are listed in Table 4.4. Such a symbol is used as an affix in parentheses, and immediately precedes the name, separated from it by a hyphen. This device is not often used. 

An unusual and complicated array of heterocycles results from the inclusion of hydroxide moieties into a similar ferf-butylaluminium oxide system to [(f-Bu)A10]8 [50]. In this context, the product which results from the hydrolysis of [(f-Bu)Al(/T3-0)]6 [24] - [(f-Bu)Al]6(/T3-0)4(/r3-0H)4 - is best viewed as comprising an octahedron of aluminium centres each face of which is /X3-capped by either an oxide or a hydroxide group (Fig. 11) [63]. This species was the first to exhibit penta-coordinate Al-centres in an alumoxane context. Moreover, the polyhedral architecture incorporated an interstitial void which, it was suggested, might facilitate the formation of inclusion complexes. The predilection for (AlO) (n = 2) metallocycles does not hold for the tetracyclic array of n = 3 rings displayed by the mixed oxide-hydroxide... 

Mootz D, Seidel R (1990) Polyhedral clathrate hydrates of a strong base phase relations of crystal structures in the system tetramethylammonium hydroxide-water. J Inclusion Phenom 8 139-157... 

Metallacarbaborane (also called metallacarborane) an electron-deficient compound, usually a polyhedral cluster comprising an array of boron-hydride (BH), carbon-hydride (CH), and metal (ML, where L = ligand) fragments the inclusion of a substituted carbon fragment CR (R = alkyl, aryl, or trimethylsilyl) in place of a CH unit is common... 

Provided that G > Gp (for liquid foams x of solutions > x of air) we obtain Eq. (39) from Eq. (41) by substitution of k instead of G. In contrast to Wagner s formula, Odelevsky s formula holds for all concentrations of the disperse phase (gas) and for all types of gas-filled systems gaseous emulsions (d < 0.74), spherical (0.74 < d< 0.9) and polyhedral ( > 0.9) foams. It requires isotropy of the matrix structures and equal diameters of the disperse phase inclusions. Therefore, the dependence of the ratio of the foam to the solution electroconductivity on the degree of foaming in the general form is given by equation... 

Polyhedral ions. From the structural standpoint the simplest polyhedral ions are the family which are known for n = 6 to 12 inclusive and are conveniently... 

A clathrate hydrate is a crystalline inclusion compound in which small guest molecules, usually hydrophobic, are trapped in polyhedral cages formed by hydrogen-bonded water molecules. True clathrates are formed by guests that interact with the hydrate lattice only by weak, nondirectional forces. In such cases, the water molecules form a completely hydrogen-bonded network, and the inaterials effectively are ices. A number of structures are known for true clathrate hydrates, including the three major families of clathrate hydrate structures that will be discussed later. 

To investigate how the loss of PSII polypeptides affected the ultra-structure of the thylakoids we looked at thin section electron micrographs of wildtype and mutant cells (Fig. 2). Two differences are worth pointing out 1) The thylakoid content in mutant cells is less than in wildtype cells. 2) The thylakoid regions in mutant cells are less dense than in wildtype cells. Apart from the differences in thylakoid abundance and morphology there are several other differences between wildtype and mutant cells 3) The fourth cellwall layer in mutant cells is thicker than in wildtype cells. 4) The polyhedral bodies (the carboxisomes) in mutant cells are denser than in wildtype cells. 5) Mutant cells contain inclusion bodies of unknown nature (possibly polyphosphate bodies). Some or all of these latter differences may be attributed to the different growth modes for the two cell types. 

Transcrystalline morphology is formed when crystallization takes place on the solid surface of fillers or reinforcements. Transcrystallizafion takes place when the density of the crystal nuclei is substantially greater on the surface of solid inclusions than in the melt bulk (77). Because polyhedral sphemlites cannot develop due to restricted lateral growth on the solid surface, crystallites are allowed to grow only in stacks perpendicularly to the surface plane (78). In the case when only one crystal form occurs in a polymer, Keller (79) confirmed that the microstructure of transcrystalline layer and bulk crystalline phase is identical. For PP, however, the situation is more complicated by the polymorphism so that one crystal form can exist in the transcrystalline layer and another in the polymer bulk. The nature of nucleation of the transcrystalline layer is still somewhat con-... 

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