Thermoplastic resins polyethylene

Thermoplastics. The highest consumption of color concentrates is in thermoplastic resins, such as low and high density polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, and polystyrene. Processing techniques for thermoplastics are usually based on dry color dispersion in a compatible resin (36). 

Blends of isobutylene polymers with thermoplastic resins are used for toughening these compounds. High density polyethylene and isotactic polypropylene are often modified with 5 to 30 wt % polyisobutylene. At higher elastomer concentration the blends of butyl-type polymers with polyolefins become more mbbery in nature, and these compositions are used as thermoplastic elastomers (98). In some cases, a halobutyl phase is cross-linked as it is dispersed in the polyolefin to produce a highly elastic compound that is processible in thermoplastic mol ding equipment (99) (see Elastomers, synthetic-thermoplastic). ... 

The distribution between the families varies from one area to another mainly for polyethylene, thermoplastic polyesters and amino resins. For these, the variation perhaps comes from a problem of identification in the statistics, as some may include significant applications that are outside the framework of this book. However, we can say that the five most used plastic families are thermoplastics. 

The most common litter item are small pieces of plastics whose lengths are on the order of a few millimeters. An important component are thermoplastic resin pellets and beads that are raw materials, mostly polypropylene and polyethylene, intended for manufecture into commercial items. Loss during ship transport and stormwater runoff are major sources of the pellets and beads to the ocean. Densities of 3500 per km have been reported floating on the surfece in the Sargasso Sea. On the beaches of New Zealand located near industrialized areas, concentrations as high as 100,000 per km are now being observed. The pellets and beads are carried by currents until they are either... 

Organic polymers and resins have also been used for zeolite binding. An early example is the use polyurethane in the formahon of vibration-resistant zeolite porous bodies for refrigerant drying [90]. Organic binders such as cellulose acetate and other cellulose-based polymers have also used to mitigate problems with binder dissolution in aqueous phase separations [91, 92]. Latex has also been used as a water-stable organic binder [93]. More recently, thermoplastic resins, such as polyethylene have also been used as binders for zeolites [94]. 

Common to all reinforced plastics are two ingredients, resin and reinforcement. Resin is an oiganic material, usually of high molecular weight, that can be molded and set into a final shape. Resins are of two basic types. Thermoplastic resins soften upon heating, are shaped in a mold, and retain that shape when cooled. Common examples are nylon, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polycarbonate. Thermosetting resins are placed in a mold and cured by the use of a catalyst, heat, or both, until they harden in the shape of the mold. Common examples are polyester, vinyl ester, epoxies, phenolics, and p olyure thanes. 

There is every indication that the next several years will witness a continued rapid increase in the use of petroleum raw materials in the production of elastomers and plastics, and that the petroleum companies will become increasingly active, not only in providing the starting materials, but also in operating the chemical processes of converting them to the required monomers and polymers. The current increase in production of thermoplastic resins such as polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, and acrylonitrile polymers is based on the development of widespread new applications at the consumer level, and the outlet for plastic materials in many of these uses is presently limited by the capacity to produce and process the resins rather than by consumer demand. 

TPX does not mix with other thermoplastic resins, e.g., as polyethylene terephthalate) (PET) or PP. It can be used to impart mi-croporous properties in films made from PET and PP. 

Fig. 1. US total sales and captive use of selected thermoplastic resins by major market for 2001. Major market volumes are derived from plastic resins sales and captive use data as compiled by VERIS Consulting, LLC and reported by the American Plastics Council s Plastic Industry Producers Statistics Group. Selected thermoplastics are low-density polyethylene, linear low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyvinyl chloride, thermoplastic polyester, engineering resins, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, styrene-acrylonitrile, other styrenics, polystyrene, and styrene butadiene latexes. (Data from ref. 25.)...

An acrylate-terminated polyurethane modified epoxy compound and a polyethylene polyamine homologue and fatty acid combination were formulated into a two-component adhesive system. The adhesive is useful for bonding various thermoplastic resins such as ABS, PC, PBT-PC blends, and PPO.22... 

The matrix is considered to be the binder for the microspheres. Typical matrix materials include (a) thermosetting resins such as epoxy resins, unsaturated polyesters, vinyl esters, phenolics, polyurethanes, and silicones (b) thermoplastic resins such as polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride (c) asphalt and (d) gypsiun and cement. 

Thermoplastic Resins. Polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene and polyimide (9). 

Hahgenated polymers, both brominated and chlorinated, have been developed to yield better polymer compatibility, improve physical properties, and long-term-aging characteristics in many thermoplastic resins, particularly the high-performance engineering thermoplastics, such as nylon, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). These materials still use antimony oxide as a synergist to achieve the desired flame resistance (31). 

Polymer encapsulation is an ex situ S/S technique involving the application of thermoplastic resins such as bitumen, polyethylene and other polyelfins, paraffins, waxes, and sulfur-based cements, as opposed to cements and pozzolans. Polymer encapsulation has been used primarily to immobilize low-level radioactive wastes and those waste types that are difficult to immobilize in cement, such as Cl- and SO4-based salts. Bitumen (asphalt) is the least expensive and (hence) used most often. Thermoplastic encapsulation heats and mixes the contaminated soil with the resin at 130 to 230°C in an extrusion machine. Organic pollutants and water boil off during the extrusion and are collected for treatment or disposal. The final product, a stiff yet plastic resin, is then discharged into a drum or other container and land-filled (U.S. EPA, 1997). 

Cornel in low concentration gives a stable and intense yellow color. Therefore, it was proposed as a color compatible with Yellow No. 5 (tartra-zine) for nontransparent drinks, The wide range of shades of color of caramel has attract the attention of other industries. Thus, coatings and other articles having a cork-like appearance are manufactured from thermoplastic resins colored with caiamel. Coloring of polyethylene terephtha-late with caramel was also patented. Caramel may be formed in situ from carbohydrates in the presence of antimonous oxide as the catalyst the dark-brown polymer resulting is said to be nontoxic. ... 

Plastics are not, as many people believe, new materials. Their origin can be traced to 1847 when Shonbein produced the first thermoplastic resin, celluloid, by reaction of cellulose with nitric acid. However, the general acceptance and commercialization of plastics began during the Second World War when natural polymers, such as natural rubber, were in short supply. Thus, polystyrene was developed in 1937, low density polyethylene in 1941, whereas other commodity plastics such as high density polyethylene and polypropylene were introduced in 1957. 

U.S. Pat. No. 6,833,399 [41] discloses flax bast fibers and flax shives as reinforcing agent for a thermoplastic resin in a composite comprising 15-70% by weight of flax portion and the thermoplastic resin such as polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, styrene, and other polymers. 

The most widely used thermoplastic resins used in cables are polyvinyl chloride (in various forms), polyethylene (in several forms), polypropylene and polytetrafluoroethylene. 

The CD complexes are compatible with thermoplastic resins. Mixing a dry pulverized CD eomplex of a perfume, for example, a geraniol aCD complex, with a thermoplastic resin (polyethylene), and molding it, yielded plastic products with a long-lasting (at least 6 months) fragrance. Rapid loss of the perfume by volatility and thermal decomposition can be avoided in this way. 

General Description Polyethylenes consist of a family of thermoplastic resins obtained by polymerizing the gas ethylene [C2H4]. High molecular weight polymers (i.e., over 6,000) are the materials used in the plastics industry. Copolymers of ethylene with vinyl acetate, ethyl acrylate, and acrylic acid are commercially important,... 

CAS 9002-88-4 EINECS/ELINCS 200-815-3 Synonyms Ethene, homopolymer Ethene polymer Ethylene homopolymer Ethylene latex Ethylene polymer Ethylene polymers Ethylene resin PE Polyethylene resins Polyethylene wax Polythene Definition Thermoplastic resin obtain by polymerizing ethylene Empirical (CjH,),... 

The matrix material used in polymer-based composites can either be thermoset (epoxies, phenolics) or thermoplastic resins (low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, acrylics). The filler or reinforcing agent can be chosen according to the desired properties. The properties of polymer matrix composites are determined by properties, orientation and concentration of fibers and properties of matrix. 

Generally synthetic resins are grouped into two categories thermoplastic synthetic resins and thermosetting synthetic resins [6]. Thermoplastic resins can be softened and reformed by applying heat and pressure even after being set in a certain shape. Examples of this type of synthetic resin include polyethylene and polypropylene. These resins (polymers) are used in packaging films, molded containers, and for automotive components. 

The amount in grams of a thermoplastic resin forced through a 2.10 mm (0.0825 in. orifice when subjected to the prescribed force, e.g., 2.16 kg force during 10 min at the prescribed temperature (°C) using an extrusion plastometer (ASTM D1238). It is customary to refer to the flow rate of polyethylene as melt index. However, for all other materials, the term melt flow rate should be used. 

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (1933) n. Poly (vinyl chloride), poly(l-chloro-ethylene). A vinyl polymer which is similar to polyethylene, but on every other carbon in the backbone chain, one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced with a chlorine atom. It is produced by the free radical polymerization of vinyl chloride. A white, water-insoluble, thermoplastic resin, derived by the polymerization of vinyl chloride. A hard and tough plastic solid. Stabilizers are necessary to prevent discoloration from exposure to light and heat. Used for plastics and coatings. Commonly known as vinyl. Abbreviation is PVC See image). 

Terephthalate polyester ter- o(f)- tha lat, pa-le- es-tor n. Any polymeric ester of ter-ephthalic acid (1,4-benzene dicarboxylic acid), but in particular the three commercially important thermoplastic resins, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, and poly-cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate. 

While thermoplastic polymers soften at Tg, and if semicrystalline, melt at T, cross-linked polymers do not melt and flow (Fig. 5.2c ). Lightly cross-linked polymers soften as the temperature exceeds Tg, but they remain rubbery solids until the polymer decomposes. Highly cross-linked polymers often do not even soften and retain a high modulus until reaching the decomposition temperature. Thermoset resins, like unsaturated polyester, epoxy, and polyurethanes, have varied levels of cross-linking. However, thermoplastic resins can be modified to contain few cross-links lightly cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) often improves the mechanical properties of rotomolded parts. 

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