Polyethoxylated fatty

An industrial blend of polyethoxylated fatty acid esters was examined by APCI-FIA-MS(+) and -LC-MS(+). The screening approach by FIA-MS confirmed that the industrial blend contained small amounts of impurities from synthesis as recognisable from Fig. 2.9.25. 

This material is a polyethoxylated fatty acid extremely useful as an emulsifier and dispersing agent for solvents in aqueous systems. This ethoxylated material shows excellent solubility in a variety of aliphatic and aromatic solvents. 

Polyethoxylated fatty acid ECCOTERGE Eastern Color... 

The same effect of catalyst concentration (catalyst NaOH) on the distribution of EO sequences/hydroxyl groups was observed in the synthesis of nonionic surfactants of polyethoxylated fatty alcohol types. Thus, by the transformation of 60-100% of the... 

Dominant ions in the spectra of polyethoxylated fatty acids are due to the ring-stabilised lEO fragment [14]. Fragment ions in the spectra of polyethoxylated fatty amines... 

Chem. Descrip. Polyethoxylated fatty alcohol and decanol (< 5%)... 

Most of the inhibitors in use are organic nitrogen compounds and these have been classified by Bregman as (a) aliphatic fatty acid derivatives, b) imidazolines, (c) quaternaries, (d) rosin derivatives (complex amine mixtures based on abietic acid) all of these will tend to have long-chain hydrocarbons, e.g. CigH, as part of the structure, (e) petroleum sulphonic acid salts of long-chain diamines (preferred to the diamines), (/) other salts of diamines and (g) fatty amides of aliphatic diamines. Actual compounds in use in classes (a) to d) include oleic and naphthenic acid salts of n-tallowpropylenediamine diamines RNH(CH2) NH2 in which R is a carbon chain of 8-22 atoms and x = 2-10 and reaction products of diamines with acids from the partial oxidation of liquid hydrocarbons. Attention has also been drawn to polyethoxylated compounds in which the water solubility can be controlled by the amount of ethylene oxide added to the molecule. 

Ethoxylated methylcarboxylates Propoxyethoxy glyceryl sulfonate Alkylpropoxyethoxy sulfate as surfactant, xanthan, and a copolymer of acrylamide and sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate Carboxymethylated ethoxylated surfactants (CME) Polyethylene oxide (PEG) as a sacrificial adsorbate Polyethylene glycols, propoxylated/ethoxylated alkyl sulfates Mixtures of sulfonates and nonionic alcohols Combination of lignosulfonates and fatty amines Alkyl xylene sulfonates, polyethoxylated alkyl phenols, octaethylene glycol mono n-decyl ether, and tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride Anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cationic tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (TTAC), nonionic pentadecylethoxylated nonylphenol (NP-15), and nonionic octaethylene glycol N-dodecyl ether Dimethylalkylamine oxides as cosurfactants and viscosifiers (N-Dodecyl)trimethylammonium bromide Petrochemical sulfonate and propane sulfonate of an ethoxylated alcohol or phenol Petrochemical sulfonate and a-olefin sulfonate... 

Commercially, the most important non-ionic surfactants (APEOs and AEOs) are amphipathic molecules consisting of a hydrophilic (ethylene oxide chains of various length) and a hydrophobic (alkyl phenols, fatty acids, long chain linear alcohols, etc.) part. The polyethoxylated... 

In addition to the FAMA compounds described before, fatty acid amido polyethoxylates (CnH2n+i-C(0)N(H)(CH2-CH2-0)xH x > 1) were also applied as non-ionic surfactants contained in special formulations. These compounds are shown with their general structural formula in Fig. 2.9.34. Like FAMA, the molecules contain amino nitrogen and therefore could be easily ionised in the presence as well as absence of ammonium acetate by APCI or ESI in the positive mode in the form of [M + H]+ ions. Comparable spectra in both API techniques were observed under APCI or ESI ionisation. 

Fig. 2.9.34. General structural formula of fatty acid amido polyethoxylates.

Fatty acid amido polyethoxylates (C H2 +1-C(0)N(H)(CH2-CH2-0)XH x > 1) may consist of a large number of homologue compounds... 

Non-ionic surfactants containing an amide group This group of non-ionic surfactants comprises different sub-groups, such as polyethoxylated amides, fatty acid diethanol amides, aminosu-gars and dialkyl disugar amides (gemini surfactants). 

Dispersants are being increasingly used to combat oil spills in the marine environment. The new generation of dispersants are commonly fatty acid-polyethoxylate esters (25) and are relatively non toxic. The specific compounds in petroleum responsible for MFO induction in fish have not been defined. Dispersed oil could increase the availability of inducing components, either the particulates or solubles, but alternatively, soluble compounds may be rapidly lost from dispersed oil (26). Preliminary experiments have been carried out to assess the effectiveness of dispersed oil in AHH induction. Venezuelan crude and bunker (distillation cut above 300-400°C).and two polyethoxylate oil spill dispersants,... 

Polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers are nonionic surfactants produced by the polyethoxylation of linear fatty alcohols. Products tend to be mixtures of polymers of slightly varying molecular weights and the numbers used to describe polymer lengths are average values. 

Polyoxyethylene castor oil derivatives are complex mixtures of various hydrophobic and hydrophilic components. Members within each range have different degrees of ethoxylation (moles)/PEG units as indicated by their numerical sufffix ( ). The chemical structures of the polyethoxylated hydrogenated castor oils are analogous to polyethoxylated castor oils with the exception that the double bond in the fatty chain has been saturated by hydrogenation. 

An early indication that a widely used agricultural chemical might be metabolized to a nonpolar conjugate in plants came from an in vitro enzyme study with C-labeled surfactants of the Triton family. A crude particulate enzyme preparation from com shoots catalyzed the formation of fatty acid ester conjugates from the two 1"c-labeled polyethoxylated surfactants indicated below (Equation 32). The ester conjugates were formed primarily from palmitic and linoleic acids 0851). They were identified by mass spectrometry and by GLC analysis of hydrolysis products (J48). In vljro, rice and... 

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