Kilogram cost

The yield of sodium naphthalenesulfonate is 165 per cent, or 429 kilograms, costing 47.66 frs. Hence, 100 kilograms costs 11.10 frs. 

The consumption of polyesteresterketones in Japan in 1984 was 20 tons, 1 kilogram cost 17000 Ian. The total consumption of polyester-sulfones and polyesteresterketones in Japan in 1990 was 450-500 tons per year [226],... 

Lockhart Wiseman s Crop Husbandly 4.3.2 Kilogram cost... 

These fertihsers are non-pressurised solutions of the same raw materials that are used for sohd fertilisers. They should be distinguished from pressurised solutions, such as aqueous ammonia and anhydrous ammonia. At the time of writing, there is very little price differential in the kilogram cost of plant food in the solid or fluid form. Fluid compoimds are based on ammonium polyphosphate or ammonium phosphate, mea and potassimn chloride, whilst ammonium nitrate and ttrea are the main constituents for liquid nitrogen fertilisers. 

The business plan needs to provide projections of aimual production. Based on those estimates and assumed food conversion rates (food conversion is calculated by determining the amount of feed consumed by the animals for each kilogram of weight gain), an estimate of feed costs can be made. For many aquaculture ventures, between 40 and 50% of the variable costs involved in aquaculture can be attributed to feed. 

Cost per kilogram of dog food ranges from ca 0.30 to 30/kg of dry matter demands exist for pet foods in each range. Some of the highest quality pet foods are manufactured by companies conducting an enormous amount of appHed research and producing only foods that are sold relatively inexpensively through private label channels and not with their own labels. 

Price. The 1993 U.S. price for fluorine in cylinders was 109/kg for 2.2 kg and 260/kg for 0.7 kg cylinders. The price in large volumes is determined by (/) the price of hydrofluoric acid (2) power costs, ca 4.5 kWh electricity is required for each kilogram of fluorine produced (J) labor costs (4) costs to maintain and rebuild cells and (5) amortization of fixed capital. Fluorine production is highly capital intense. In addition, purification, compression, packaging, and distribution in cylinders increase the cost significantly. 

The bulk of synthetic industrial diamond production consists of the smaller crystal sizes up to 0.7-mm particle size (25 mesh). This size range has wide utihty in industry, and a significant fraction of the world s need for diamond abrasive grit is now met by synthetic production yielding thousands of kilograms per year. Because the raw materials are plentiful, synthetic production could, if necessary, supply the world demand for diamond abrasive. Development work continues in order to improve size and utility of the manufactured product and to realize the full potential of diamonds at minimum cost. An appreciable increase in performance has been obtained by coating the diamonds with a thin layer of nickel or copper, before incorporating them into wheels. The thin layer of metal apparendy improves adhesion and heat transfer. 

Developments. Electrolytic refining requires a large capital investment, and labor costs per kilogram of copper produced are high. Most refineries have traditionally operated at current densities of about 240 A/m. Thus, a tank house area of approximately 40 m is required per ton of copper produced daily. The use of higher current densities reduces capital requirements but may impair deposition efficiency and product quaUty. 

The second term in brackets in equation 36 is the separative work produced per unit time, called the separative capacity of the cascade. It is a function only of the rates and concentrations of the separation task being performed, and its value can be calculated quite easily from a value balance about the cascade. The separative capacity, sometimes called the separative power, is a defined mathematical quantity. Its usefulness arises from the fact that it is directly proportional to the total flow in the cascade and, therefore, directly proportional to the amount of equipment required for the cascade, the power requirement of the cascade, and the cost of the cascade. The separative capacity can be calculated using either molar flows and mol fractions or mass flows and weight fractions. The common unit for measuring separative work is the separative work unit (SWU) which is obtained when the flows are measured in kilograms of uranium and the concentrations in weight fractions. 

Case 4. When products 1 and 2 share the variable expenses on the basis of value, the total contribution per kilogram of raw material is found by substituting the unit costs into Eq. (9-203). Values of each term are... 

Let us consider the overhead-cost data for Table 9-39 with 10 million kg per month as the standard production rate. The static budgeted overhead is then 150,000 per month, or 1.5 cents per kilogram. We assume that the actual overhead is 186,000 for a month in which 12 milhon kg was produced. Then, the static budgeted overhead cost would be 12 million(I.5), or 180,000 per month. Therefore, the variance is 186,000 — 180,000 = -t- 6000, which is unfavorable because 6000 more was spent than was anticipated. 

An alternative cost also became apparent from the case studies. If the mean hourly steaming rate in kilograms is multiplied by 2.25, it produces a figure roughly equivalent to the annual operating costs in pounds, excluding the cost of fuel. 

Lest you suppose that titanium is a metal for all purposes, we should point out one of its limitations. It is far more expensive than aluminum or steel, selling for about 50 a kilogram in 2007. The high cost of extracting the metal from ilmenite ore makes it very, very unlikely that you will ever see lawnmowers or kitchen sinks made out of titanium. 

Producing the kilograms of tPA necessary to satisfy the world s therapeutic needs requires the special skills possessed by modern biochemical engineers. Sophisticated engineering of the fermentation vessels, culturing conditions, and media compositions is required to culture thousands of liters of mammalian cells. In addition, new extremes of purity must be achieved in order to assure the safety of proteins derived from mammalian cells. The cost of the starting materials and the capacity constraints of the present-day equipment require that yields from each fermentation batch be as high as possible. 

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