4-Styrene sulfonic acid

Polyanilines NSA naphthalenesulfonic acid PANI - Polyaniline PDMA-PSS — Poly (-dimethoxyaniline-poly (4-styrene sulfonic acid) PANSA — 8-anilino-l-napthalene sulfonic acid PPY polypyrrol PESA polyester sulfonic acid PVS - polyvinyl sulfonate SEM — Scanning electron Microscopy PVA poly(vinyl alcohol)... 

Solvent Recovery. A mixture of methanol and methyl acetate is obtained after saponification. The methyl acetate can be sold as a solvent or converted back into acetic acid and methanol using a cationic-exchange resin such as a cross-linked styrene—sulfonic acid gel (273—276). The methyl acetate and methanol mixture is separated by extractive distillation using water or ethylene glycol (277—281). Water is preferred if the methyl acetate is to be hydroly2ed to acetic acid. The resulting acetic acid solution is concentrated by extraction or a2eotropic distillation. 

Sample Polyanillne/Poly(styrene sulfonic acid)... 

In the sol-gel procedure for the preparation of hybrids, polymeric acid catalysts such as poly (styrene sulfonic acid) were also used instead of hydrogen chloride [14]. The polymeric acid catalyst was effective for the preparation of hybrids at a similar level to that of hydrogen chloride catalyst. In some cases, the increased modulus was observed due to the higher extent of reaction. No difference was observed in morphologies between the hybrids prepared with polymeric and small molecule acid catalysts. The method using polymeric acid catalyst may depress the ion-conductive property, characteristic to the mobile acidic small molecules. Polymeric catalyst may also influence the rheology of the resulting hybrids. 

HorsfaU, J. A. and LoveU, K. V. 2002. Comparison of fuel cell performance of selected fluoropolymer and hydrocarbon based grafted copolymers incorporating acrylic acid and styrene sulfonic acid. Polymers for Advanced Technologies 13 381-390. 

Poly (styrene sulfonic acid) grafts have also been attached to poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ET-FE) 8,29 poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) as shown in Figure 7. These materials were synthesized... 

Spontaneous polymerization of 4-vinyl pyridine in the presence of polyacids was one of the earliest cases of template polymerization studied. Vinyl pyridine polymerizes without an additional initiator in the presence of both low molecular weight acids and polyacids such as poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), polyCvinyl phosphonic acid), or poly(styrene sulfonic acid). The polyacids, in comparison with low molecular weight acids, support much higher initial rates of polymerization and lead to different kinetic equations. The authors suggested that the reaction was initiated by zwitterions. The chain reaction mechanism includes anion addition to activated double bonds of quaternary salt molecules of 4-vinylpyridine, then propagation in the activated center, and termination of the growing center by protonization. The proposed structure of the product, obtained in the case of poly(acrylic acid), used as a template is ... 

The formation of complexes involved two steps. In the first step, the ionene bromide was converted to ionene hydroxide by replacing the Br ions with OH ions. In the second step, the equivalent quantities of acid and ionene were mixed together. Polymerizations were carried out mostly in water-isopropanol solution. AIBN or 4,4-azobis-4-cyanovaleric acid was used as initiator. Polymerization of p-styrene sulfonic acid onto various ionenes was studied as a function of the charge density of the template. It was shown that a linear dependence of rate on charge density prevailed. From the results obtained, the authors concluded that the monomeric counterions possess mobility along the linear template. PolyCvinyl sulfonate) prepared on the template displays a different stereo-structure from polyCvinyl sulfonate) prepared in solution. 

The method proposed by Blumstein at is based on the conductivity measurements. It is suitable for the systems in which shift of ionization equilibrium during polymerization takes place. This method was successfully applied to follow template polymerization of p-styrene sulfonic acid in the presence of polycationic ionenes used as template. The results confirm data obtained for the same system by another methods. 

W. F. Graydon and R. J. Stewart (41) also compared the membrane potentials with the values according to equation (46). The membrane investigated was a copolymer of p-styrene sulfonic acid and styrene crosslinked with divinyl benzene. In the large majority of cases the experimental values were lower than those according to equation (46). The smaller part of this difference could be attributed to the transport of the co-ions and was calculated roughly. The greater part was attributed to water transport. From this the transport number of water was calculated it varied from 1 to about 60. It was found that the water transport was proportional to the water content and inversely proportional to the number of crosslinks. A provisional direct measurement was effected of a water transport number. The value corresponded rather well with the indirect determination as described above. 

Similar results were obtained by G. Manecke (90) with cation exchange membranes on a phenol sulfonic acid basis and styrene sulfonic acid basis. 

IR spectroscopy can be used to characterise the formation of ionomers by studying the environment of the anions [85, 86]. Risen and co-workers [87, 88] used far-IR spectra (150 to 400 cm"1) to demonstrate the sensitivity of low frequency vibrations to the anions and cations and the degree of cluster formation in ionomers. For example, styrene sulfonic acid ionomers with Na+ cation shows absorption bands at 220 cm 1, whereas the Cs+ cation shows bands at 100 cm 1. 

A major advantage of RAFT is that it is compatible with a wide range of monomers, including functional monomers containing, for example, acids (e.g. acrylic acid), acid salts (e.g. sodium salt of styrene sulfonic acid), hydroxyl (e.g. hydroxyethyl methacrylate) or tertiary amino (e.g. dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate). It can be used over a broad range of reaction conditions and provides in each case controlled molecular weight polymers with very narrow polydispersion. 

FIG. 31 Lap shear strength at break between two identical (a) styrene sulfonic acid and (b) DMAA graft-polymerized PTFE films as a function of adhesion (drying) time and plasma pretreatment time. (From Ref. 93.)... 

Rhenium(I) tricarbonyl-2,2 -bipyridine moieties were used to cap both ends of a poly fluorine, yielding Re-capped Re(bpy)(CO)3(py)-X-(py)(CO)3(bpy)Re 2+ polymers, where X = polyfluorene [51, 52], The polymers with and without the Re caps were spin-coated from their solutions in CH2C12 onto an ITO surface previously modified with a layer of poly(styrene sulfonic acid), doped with poly(ethylenedioxythiophene). The LED (light-emitting device) was then topped with a layer of Ca/Al. The photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence seen were consistent with the presence of [Re(bpy)(CO)3(py)]+ [158],... 

Anionic copolymers consisting of acrylamide and styrene sulfonic acid sodium were prepared by Harrington [1] and used as drainage aids for cellulosic fiber compositions. Doherty [2] anionicaUy prepared high molecular weight poly (acrylamide-co-styrene sulfonic acid sodium), which was also effective as a drainage aid. 

Figure 5.2.7 Kinetics of liquid phase oligomerization of isobutylene catalyzed by poly(styrene-sulfonic acid) at 20°C in hexane solvent, (a) Corresponds to high initial concentration of isobutylene, (b) Corresponds to low initial concentration of isobutylene. [Figures from W. O. Haag, Chem. Eng. Prog. Symp. Sen, 63 (1967) 140. Reproduced with permission of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Copyright 1967 AIChE. All rights reserved.]...

Homopolymers or copolymers each unit of which is ionizable examples of this type being polyacrylic acid or copolymers of acrylic acid with styrene sulfonic acid. Here again partial or complete ionization is possible. 

Scheme 2.2 Addition polymerization synthesis of a styrene sulfonic acid cation exchange resin...

Figure 6.10 A linear nomography representation of cojlow column operating capacity for cation exchange (Ca, Mg, Na) against a standard form styrene sulfonic acid resin (8% DVB) as applied to water demineralization (By permission of The Permutit Company Ltd)...

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