Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentration

Alfheim, I., and T. Ramdahl, Contribution of Wood Combustion to Indoor Air Pollution As Measured by Mutagenicity in Salmonella and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Concentration, Environ. Mutagen., 6, 121-130 (1984b). 

Hafner, W.D., Carlson, D.L., et al. (2005) Influence of local human population on atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations. Environmental Science and Technology, 39(19) 7374-7379. 

Alfheim I, Randahl T. 1984. Constribution of wood combustion to indoor air pollution as measured by mutagenicity in salmonella and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration. Environ Mutagen 6 121-130. 

Baranski B, Palus J, Rogaczewska T, et al. 1992. Correlation between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentration and airborne particle mutagenicity in the rubber factory. Pol J Occup Med Environ Health 5(4) 357-362. 

Levy Jl, Bennett DH, Melly SJ, Spengler JD (2003) Influence of traffic patterns on particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in Roxbury, Massachusetts. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 13(5) 364-371... 

Al-Hashem MA, Brain PF, Omar SA (2007) Effects of oil pollution at Kuwait s greater Al-Burgan oil field on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in the tissues of desert lizards Acanthodactylus scutellatus and their ant prey. Ecotoxicology 16 551-555... 

Assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in mussels (Mytilus gallopro-vincialis) from the Western basin of the Mediterranean Sea. Environ Monit Assess... 

Hassanien, M.A. (2006). Outdoor/indoor air polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in a heavy traffic area of Cairo, Egypt. Cent Eur J Occ Environ Med, 12(1), 23-34. 

An appreciation of the extent to which invertebrate species may be exposed to such chemicals comes from considering the effects of complex mixtures. In the North Atlantic ecosystem alone, hundreds of pollutant chemicals have been identified. These include metals, synthetic and chlorinated organics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Over 300 aromatic hydrocarbons have been detected in some regions of the Chesapeake Bay, and high concentrations of PCBs have been... 

Fig. 42 Chromatogram of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on caffeine-impregnated precoated silica gel 60 HPTLC plates with concentrating zone (Merck). The following can be recognized in increasing Rf value. — 1. benzo(ghi)perylene, 2. indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene, 3 benzo(a)pyrene, 4. benzo(b)fluoranthene, 5. benzo(k)fluoranthene, 6. fluoranthene.

Several industrial facilities near a residential area emit tlie inhalable pollutants ethylene oxide, polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Tlie aimual average concentration of ethylene oxide, PCBs, and PAHs are 10 pg/in, 2 pg/m, and 5 pg/m, respectively. 

Sediment pollution. The concentrations of pollutants in the dated sediment cores have been determined in our laboratory by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Donazzolo et al. (15) and Pavoni et al. (16) reported mainly heavy metal concentrations. Marcomini et al. (17) and Pavoni et al. (18) discussed the concentration profiles of organic pollutants such as chlorinated hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Hydrocarbons. In other publications the historical trend of organic pollutant concentrations, namely polychlorinated biphenys (PCBs), chlorinated pesticides DDT and metabolites DDE, DDD, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), have been reconstructed. For this purpose the sediments of the core sampled in the Lagoon area close to the industrial district were employed (16,17). 

The environmental occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is mainly associated with dispersion of oil products and with various types of combustion. For these chemicals a kind of pre-industrial background exists, due to forest fires or to domestic wood burning. The sediments of the deepest strata were certainly deposited in the nineteenth century, when no significant industrial activities had been initiated. The ratio between PAH concentrations found in the sediments dated to this century, and the deepest ones, vary from 1.7 to 30, increasing from the beginning of the... 

Spectra at p (=20) wavelengths. Because of the Lambert-Beer law, all measured spectra are linear combinations of the two pure spectra. Together they form a 15x20 data matrix. For example the UV-visible spectra of mixtures of two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) given in Fig. 34.2 are linear combinations of the pure spectra shown in Fig. 34.3. These mixture spectra define a data matrix X, which can be written as the product of a 15x2 concentration matrix C with the 2x20 matrix of the pure spectra ... 

CRMs for Contaminants in Environmental Matrices For nearly two decades NIST has been involved in the development of SRMs for the determination of organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and chlorinated pesticides in natural environmental matrices such as fossil fuels (Hertz et al.1980 Kline et al. 1985), air and diesel particulate material (May and Wise 1984 Wise et al. 2000), coal tar (Wise et al. 1988a), sediment (Schantz et al. 1990, 1995a Wise et al. 1995), mussel tissue (Wise et al. 1991 Schantz et al. 1997a), fish oil, and whale blubber (Schantz et al. 1995b). Several papers have reviewed and summarized the development of these environmental matrix SRMs (Wise et al. 1988b Wise 1993 Wise and Schantz 1997 Wise et al. 2000). Seventeen natural matrix SRMs for the determination of organic contaminants are currently available from NIST with certified and reference concentrations primarily for PAHs, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofiirans (PCDFs) see Table 3.11. 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are important air pollutants that have to be detected at very low concentrations. Fig. 2.4h shows the separation of a synthetic mixture of very low levels of PAH. They are barely detectable using uv absorption, but are easily monitored by fluorescence. 

Table 1 Concentrations of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (CIPAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in ambient air, soil, and human samples collected from e-waste recycling and reference sites in China... 

Human exposure to complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) occurs through inhalation of tobacco smoke and polluted indoor or outdoor air, through ingestion of certain foods and polluted water, and by dermal contact with soots, tars, and oils CO. Methylated PAH are always components of these mixtures and in some cases, as in tobacco smoke and in emissions from certain fuel processes, their concentrations can be in the same range as some unsubstituted PAH. The estimated emission of methylated PAH from mobile sources in the U.S. in 1979 was approximately 1700 metric tons (2). The occurrence of methylated and unsubstituted PAH has been recently reviewed (1, 2). In addition to their environmental occurrence, methylated PAH are among the most important model compounds in experimental carcinogenesis. 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, one of... 

Arey, J., Atkinson, R., Zielinska, B., McElroy, P.A. (1989) Diurnal concentrations of volatile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitroarenes during a photochemical air pollution episode in Glendora, California. Environ. Sci. Technol. 23, 321-327. 

Baker, J.E., Eisenreich, S J. (1990) Concentrations and fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls across the air-water interface of Lake Superior. Environ. Sci. Technol. 24, 342-352. 

Pupp, C., Lao, R.C., Murray, J. J., Pottie, R.F. (1974) Equilibrium vapor concentrations of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, arsenic trioxide (As4Os) and selenium dioxide, and the collection efficiencies of these air pollutants. Atoms. Environ. 8, 915-925. 

Greenberg, A., F. Darack, R. Harkov, P. Lioy, and J. Daisey. 1985. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in New Jersey a comparison of winter and summer concentrations over a two-year period. Atmospher. Environ. 19 1325-1339. 

Hellou, J. 1996. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine mammals, finfish, and molluscs. Pages 229-250 in W.N. Beyer, G.H. Heinz, and A.W. Redmon-Norwood (eds.). Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife Interpreting Tissue Concentrations. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

Martens, R. 1982. Concentrations aid microbial mineralization of four to six ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in composted municipal waste. Chemosphere 11 761-770. 

Mix, M.C. and R.L. Schaffer. 1983a. Concentrations of unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in softshell clams from Coos Bay, Oregon, USA. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 14 94-97. 

Limited data is available on the concentration of volatile organic compounds, semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from gasification processes. The data that is available indicate that VOCs, SVOCs, and PAHs are either non-detectable in flue gas streams from IGCC process or, in some cases where they were detected, they are at extremely low levels (on the order of parts per billion and lower). The analysis of syngas also indicates greater than 99.99 percent chlorobenzene and hexachlo-robenzene destruction and removal efficiencies and part per billion or less concentration of selected PAHs and VOCs.9-14... 

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