Rubber factories

A term which generally applies to vulcanised rubber unfit for any other use than reclaiming or grinding to crumb rubber. In the rubber factory scrap may also refer to unvulcanised trimmings which can be reprocessed. 

He knew more about rubber than anything else. A synthetic-rubber factory had much in common with him civilized, neat, more reminiscent of perfected nature than of Man. A rubber plant had to be absolutely clean a speck of dust mingling with the liquid rubber could mean a blowout on the highway some day. To plan a rubber factory, you did not begin with materials you put your finger to the wind, because the wind had to blow in the right direction to take off the carbide dust so that it "would not be thrown in your neighbor s face."... 

Rakkoed, A. Danteravanich, S. Puetpaiboon, U. Nitrogen removal in attached growth waste stabilization ponds of wastewater from a rubber factory. Water Sci. Technol. 1999, 40(i), 45-52. 

While doing experiments in 1839 at a Massachusetts rubber factory, Goodyear accidentally dropped a lump of rubber mixed with sulfur on the hot stove. The rubber did not melt, but rather charred. He had discovered vulcanization, the secret that was to make rubber a commercial success. While he had discovered vulcanization, it would take several years of ongoing experimentation before the process was really commercially useful. During this time he and his family were near penniless. While he patented the process, the process was too easily copied and pirated so that he was not able to fully profit from his invention and years of hard work. Even so, he was able to develop a number of items. 

In the 1930s, more than 90 percent of the natural rubber used in the United States came from Malaysia. In the days after Pearl Harbor was attacked in December 1941 and the United States entered World War II, however, Japan captured Malaysia. As a result, the United States—the land with plenty of everything, except rubber—faced its first natural resource crisis. The military implications were devastating because without rubber for tires, military airplanes and jeeps were useless. Petroleum-based synthetic rubber had been developed in 1930 by DuPont chemist Wallace Carothers but was not widely used because it was much more expensive than natural rubber. With Malaysian rubber impossible to get and a war on, however, cost was no longer an issue. Synthetic rubber factories were constructed across the nation, and within a few years, the annual production of synthetic rubber rose from 2000 tons to about 800,000 tons. 

It can be seen that every type of vulcanization system differs from every other type in the kind and extent of the various changes that together produce the vulcanized state. In the vulcanization processes, consideration must be made for the difference in the thickness of the products involved, the vulcanization temperature and thermal stability of the rubber compound. The word cure to denote vulcanization is believed to have been coined by Charles Goodyear and the same has been a recognized term in rubber industry circles [2]. The conditions of cure will vary over a wide range according to the type of vulcanizate required and the facilities available in a rubber factory. Many factors must be predetermined, including the desired hardness of the product, its overall dimensions, the production turnover required and the pretreatment of the rubber stock prior to vulcanization. Hardness will normally be determined by the composition of the stock but it can also be influenced by the state of cure. 

The calender has a long history in paper-making and was used first for polymeric compounds by manufacturers of rubber many rubber factories have calenders that are capable of making sheet suitable (as examples) for fabrication into products as diverse as boots or ducting, but in the world of polymers some of the most elaborate and impressive units are those used to manufacture PVC film and sheet at high speeds (for example, 150 m min-1) with extraordinary accuracy (within tolerances of plus or minus 2.5 /mi). 

SAFETY PROFILE Confirmed carcinogen of the lung, nasal sinus, brain, esophagus, stomach, liver, bladder, and kidney. They are often produced in food as by-products from processing and preparadon. They are found in whiskey, herbicides, and cosmetics, as well as in tanneries, rubber factories, and iron foundries. They can be formed within the body by reaction of amine-containing foods or drugs with the nitrites resulting from bacterial conversion of nitrates. See also N-NITROSO COMPOUNDS. 

Baranski B, Palus J, Rogaczewska T, et al. 1992. Correlation between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentration and airborne particle mutagenicity in the rubber factory. Pol J Occup Med Environ Health 5(4) 357-362. 

Although the amounts of carcinogenic AAs produced in dyestuff, chemical, and rubber factories have been greatly reduced, exposure to AAs and their oxidized nitroaromatic derivatives still occurs. Some of these compounds can be found in various color additives [9, 10], paints [11], food colors [12], leather and textile dyes [13, 14], fumes from heated cooking oils [15] and fuels [16], and tobacco smoke [17]. Several AAs have also recently been identified at trace levels in commercial hair dyes [18, 19]. 

In 1791 rubber was first used commercially when English manufacturer Samuel Peal patented a method for waterproofing cloth by treating it with a solution of rubber in turpentine. In 1820 the modern rubber industry began when English coachmaker and inventor Thomas Hancock (1786-1865) established the first rubber factory. He was the first to compound rubber with other materials to be shaped into molds, a common modern industrial practice. 

Donner M, Hytonen S, Sorsa M. 1983. Application of the sex-linked recessive lethal test in Drosophila melanogaster for monitoring the work environment of a rubber factory. Hereditas 99(1 ) 7-... 

In 1898 the first rubber factory based on the natural product, Suomen Gummitehdas Oy (later Oy Nokia Ab rubber factory), was set up to produce galoshes, i.e. overshoes. The firm specialized in rubber footwear and flourished. In 1926 it began to manufacture tyres for bicycles, and in 1934 tyres for cars. Two years later it introduced its own innovation, winter tyres for cars. The growth of the rubber industry was outstanding. In 1913, it employed over 90 employees and in 1938 as many as 2,570, or 82 per cent of the total workforce of the main chemical industry and 42 per cent of its output, as shown in table 1. Before the Winter War of 1939-40, rubber manufacturing was one of the three biggest chemistry-related branches of Finnish industry. ... 

The author wishes to thank the Director of PAIR-BATAN, for permission to present this paper, and Director of BIMACOM PERDANA RUBBER FACTORY, for supporting this trial. Special acknowledgements are due to Dian Iramani, I Made Sumarti, Waluyo, and Mamat Yasin, for their assistance in research work. 

Roelof Houwink was born in 1897 in Meppel, Holland. He majored in botany and received the Ph.D. degree at the University of Delft in 1934 but his studies of the hevea rubber plant catalyzed an interest in rubber which he maintained throughout his career in the Dutch Government Rubber Service and at the Vredesteen rubber factory. 

Isothiazolinone BIT is widely used in industry as a preservative in water-based solutions, such as pastes, paints and cutting oils. It exists at different concentrations in the different Proxel AB, GXL, CRL, XL2, XL, HL, TN, and in Mergal K-10. BIT is an irritant and also a skin sensitizer. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis has been reported mainly related to the use of cutting oils and greases in paint manufacturers, pottery mouldmakers, acrylic emulsion manufacturers, plumbers, printers and lithoprinters, paper makers, an analytical laboratory, a rubber factory, and in employees manufacturing air fresheners. 

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