Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons biomarkers

It is desirable to collect as many different matrices from each study participant as is feasible and to process them with consideration of both immediately planned analyses of biomarkers and future uses. For example, several Children s Environmental Health Centers obtained urine, peripheral blood, cord blood, breast milk, meconium, saliva, hair, placental tissue, infant formula, indoor and outdoor air, and house dust from longitudinal birth cohort studies (Eskenazi et al. 2005). The centers have analyzed concentrations of numerous compounds in those biologic and environmental samples, such as pesticides, phthalates, mercury, lead, cotinine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbone (PAHs), PAH-DNA adducts, allergens, endotoxin, antioxidant micronutrients, cholinesterase, and thyroid hormones. Most centers also banked samples for future analyses. 

Zakaria, M.P., Okuda, T., Takada, H., 2001. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) and hopanes in stranded tar-balls on coast of Peninsular Malaysia Applications of biomarkers for identifying sources of oil pollution. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 42(12), 1357-1366. 

Singh, R., Sram, R.J., Binkova, B., Kalina, I., Popov, T.A., Georgieva, T., Garte, S., Taioli, E., Farmer, P.B. (2007). The relationship between biomarkers of oxidative DNA damage, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon DNA adducts, antioxidant status and genetic susceptibility following exposure to environmental air pollution in humans. Mutat. Res. 620 83-92. 

HSPs as cellular markers of stress HSPs are involved in various aspects of cellular function and a lot is being learnt about its role in normal and pathological states. Recent studies from lower animals, especially fish, have revealed the potential use of induced fish HSPs as a biomarker of exposure to environmental stressors. Industrial effluents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, metals such as copper, zinc, mercury, pesticides, etc. have shown to induce HSP in fish. Further, the HSP response may vary with the stressor, tissue, species of fish, and the family of HSP studied. Hence it appears that a more extensive and probably a high-throughput profiling (using genomic and pro-teomic) approaches may be necessary to identify patterns of HSP modulation by various stressors. 

See also Biomarkers, Human Health Blood Molecular Toxicology-Recombinant DMA Technology Multiple Chemical Sensitivities Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Psychological Indices of Toxicity Resistance to Toxicants Sensitivity Analysis Skin. 

Kirby, M.F., Lyons, B.P., Waldock, M.J., Woodhead, R.J., Goodsir, F., Law, R.J., Neall, P., Stewart, C., Thain, J.T., Tylor, T. and Feist S.W. (2000) Biomarkers of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Exposure in Fish and their Application in Marine Monitoring Science Series Technical Report No. 110. Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft. 

Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons... 

Mumford JL, Lee X, Lewtas J, et al. 1993. DNA adducts as biomarkers for assessing exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tissues from Xuan Wei women with high exposure to coal combustion emissions and high lung cancer mortality. Environ Health Perspect 99 83-87. 

Santella RM, Hemminki K, Tang D-L, etal. 1993. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in white blood cells and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene in foundry workers. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers Prevention 2 59-62. 

Schoket B, Doty WA, Vincze I, et al. 1993. Increased sensitivity for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in human DNA samples by dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluoroimmunoassay (DELFIA). Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers Prevention 2 349- 353. 

Bowman ED, Rothman N, Hackl C, et al. 1997. Interindividual variation in the levels of certain urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites following medicinal exposure to coal tar ointment. Biomarkers 2 321-327. 

Donnelly KC, Phillips TD, Onufrock AM, et al. 1996. Genotoxicity of model and complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In Bengtson DA, Henshel DS, eds. Environmental toxicology and risk assessment Biomarkers and risk assessment. ASTM STP. Conshohocken, PA ASTM, 138-148. 

Santella RM, Nunes MG, Blaskovic R, et al. 1994. Quantitation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 1-hydroxypyrene, and mutagenicity in urine of coal tar-treated psoriasis patients and untreated volunteers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 3(2) 137-140. 

Strickland P, Kang D, Sithisarankul P. 1996. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in urin as biomarkers of exposure and effect. Environ Health Perspect Suppl 104(5) 927-932. 

Tolos WP, Shaw PB, Lowry LK, et al. 1990. 1-Pyrenol A biomarker for occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 5(5) 303-309. 

Webster, L., Fryer, R. J., Dalgamo, E. J., Megginson, C., and Moffat, C. F., The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and geochemical biomarker composition of sediments from voes and coastal areas in the Shetland and Orkney Islands, J. Environ. Monit., 3, 591-601, 2001. 

Bonner MR, Han D, Nie J et al (2005) Breast cancer risk and exposure in early life to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using total suspended particulates as a proxy measure. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14 53-60... 

Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene could be a suitable biomarker of internal dose of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, as recently shown in carbon black workers, on the condition that both respiratory (including gaseous PAHs and particle-bound PAHs) and dermal exposures have been assessed (Tsai et al. 2002). Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations were higher among road pavers than among office workers serving as referents (Heikkila et al. 2002). 

Hannam ML, Bamber SD, Galloway TS, Moody AJ, Jones MB (2010) Effects of the model PAH phenanthiene on immune function and oxidative stress in the haemolymph of the temperate scallop Pecten maximus. Chemospheie 78 779-784 Hoarau P, Damiens G, Romeo M, Gnassia-Baielli M, Bebianno MJ (2006) Cloning tmd expression of a GST-pi gene in Mytilus galloprovincitdis attempt to use the GST-pi transcript as a biomarker of pollution. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 143 196-203 Horii Y, Ohura T, Yamashita N, Kannan K (2009) Chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from industrial areas in Japan and the United States. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 57 651-660... 

Perera, R, Tang, D., Whyatt, R., et al, 2005a. DNA damage from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons measured by benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adducts in mothers and newborns from Northern Manhattan, the World Trade Center Area, Poland, and China. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 14, 709-714. 

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