Polychlorinated biphenyls mercury

There is a vast range of aqueous organic pollutants with a wide toxicity profile. Some, e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls, certain herbicides, fungicides and pesticides, and organo-mercury compounds, are persistent and may bioaccumulate in the food chain. Trace contaminants such as sodium chloride, iron and phenols (especially if chlorinated) may also impart a taste to water. Typical consent levels for industrial discharges are provided in Table 13.10. 

Heavy metals may also be concentrated in passage up the food chain. Other pollutants, e.g. fungicides, pesticides, biocides, polychlorinated biphenyls or organic mercury compounds, are persistent and can therefore also bioaccumulate. 

Elliott JE, Machmer MM, Wilson LK, Henny CJ. 2000. Contaminants in ospreys from the Pacific Northwest. 11. Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and mercury, 1991-1997. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 38 93-106. 

In addition to the chemicals included on the other lists, the CDC also included heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, and mercury volatile solvents such as benzene, chloroform, and bromoform decomposition products such as dioxins and furans polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) flammable industrial gases and liquids such as gasoline and propane explosives and oxidizers and all persistent and nonpersistent pesticides. Agents included in this volume are limited to those that are most likely to pose an acute toxicity hazard. 

Cope WG, Bartsch MR, Rada RG, Balogh SJ, Rupprecht JE, Young RD, Johnson DK (1999) Bioassessment of mercury, cadmium, polychlorinated biphenyls, and pesticides in the upper Mississippi river with zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). Environ Sci Technol 33 4385-... 

Wiemeyer, S.N., C.M. Bunck, and A.J. Krynitsky. 1988. Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and mercury in osprey eggs — 1970-79 — and their relationships to shell thinning and productivity. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17 767-787. 

Ormerod, S.J. and S.J. Tyler. 1994. Inter- and intra-annual variation in the occurrence of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, and mercury in the eggs of a river passerine. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 26 7-12. 

Goerlitz and Law [59] determined chlorinated insecticides in sediment and bottom material samples, which also contained polychlorobiphenyls by extracting the sample with acetone and hexane. The combined extracts were passed down an alumina column. The first fraction (containing most of the insecticides and some polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated naphthalenes) was eluted with hexane and treated with mercury to precipitate sulphur. If the polychlorinated hydrocarbons interfered with the subsequent gas chromatographic analysis, further purification on a silica gel column was necessary. 

Giesy JP, Verbrugge DA, Othout RA, et al. 1994. Contaminants in fishes from Great Lake influenced sections and above dams of three Michigan rivers. I Concentrations of organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin equivalents, and mercury. Arch Environ Contain Toxicol 27 202-212. 

Indusfrial chemicals Cadmium Dioxin Lead Mercury Polybrominated biphenyls Polychlorinated biphenyls Pentachlorophenols Penta- to Nonylphenols Phthalates Styrenes... 

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Pentachlorophenol m(PCP, mercury and organic mercury compounds, cadmium, lead and organic lead compounds, brominated flame retardants), nonylphenol/ethoxylates (NP, NPEs) amongst others in the OSPAR Strategy with regard to Hazardous Substances... 

Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Pentachlorophenol Short chain chlorinated paraffins Hexachlorocyclohexane isomers Mercury and organic mercury compounds Cadmium... 

The technology treats polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, volatile metals (such as mercury), and nonvolatile metals (such as lead or transuranic radioactive elements). 

The Universal Demercurization Process, or UNIDEMP , is an ex situ process for removing mercury from a variety of solid and aqueous mercury waste streams such as metals, concrete, soils, asbestos, plastic, and cable as well as amalgams and mercury compounds. The process can also treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and halogenated organics. UNIDEMP is a mobile system that volatizes and condenses mercury in a countercurrent rotating furnace at temperatures from 550 to 650°C. Celsius. 

Dual-phase extraction cannot remediate heavy chlorinated compounds, pesticides, or heavy hydrocarbons including polychlorinated biphenyls (RGBs), dioxin, fuel oil No. 6, or metals (with the possible exception of mercury). High-velocity pump systems (such as liquid ring vacuum pumps) tend to form emulsions, especially when diesel fuel is part of the recovered fluids. The problem of emulsion can be solved with prepump separation or a de-emulsification unit. 

IT thermal desorption has been used for several years to demonstrate removal of chlorinated phenols, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), solvents and mercury from soils and sludges. 

The TRS could potentially treat nonmunicipal sludge, slag, or natural sediment ex situ. In addition to mercury, the system could be used to treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), petroleum hydrocarbons, dioxins/furans, and chlorinated solvents. 

Biopiles have some potential limitations. For example, certain chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls and other hydrocarbons are resistant to biodegradation. In addition, high concentrations of toxic metals, such as lead, copper, and mercury, may limit treatment using biopiles. 

Chemical contaminants for which full-scale treatment data exist include primarily volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). These SVOCs include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pentachlorophenol (PCP), pesticides, and herbicides. Extremely volatile metals, such as mercury and lead, can be removed by higher temperature thermal desorption systems. The technology has been applied to refinery wastes, coal tar wastes, wood-treating wastes, creosote-contaminated soils, hydrocarbon-contaminated soils, mixed (radioactive and hazardous) wastes, synthetic mbber processing wastes, and paint wastes. 

This technology has been used to treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), halogenated and nonhalogenated solvents, semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, herbicides, fuel oils, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX), and mercury. This system has also treated Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) hazardous wastes such as petroleum refinery wastes and multisource leachate treatment residues to meet RCRA Land Disposal Restrictions (LDR) treatment standards. 

According to the developer, the TDU removes volatile organic compounds and volatile metals from soil. The technology is designed to treat material contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (RGBs), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dioxins, and volatile heavy metals (mercury). 

Sayler, G. S. Colwell, R. R. (1976). Partitioning of mercury and polychlorinated biphenyl by oil, water, and suspended sediment. Environmental Science Technology, 10,1142-5. 

Lead, cadmium, mercury, cobalt, uranium, antimony, barium, beryllium, cesium, molybdenum, platinum, thallium, tungsten, organochlorine pesticides, organophospho-rus insecticides (dialkyl phosphate metabolites), (specific metabolites), pyrethroid pesticides, other pesticides (2-isopropoyxyphenol, carbofuranphenol), herbicides, phthalates, phytoestrogens, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls, tobacco smoke... 

Washington Efforts to enhance environmental monitoring and analyses of mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls, as well as other persistent toxicants. 

The most relevant problem originating from MSW incineration is flue gas treatment, since untreated incineration flue gas can contain large amounts of macropollutants (e.g., CO, S02, HC1, NOx, particulates) andmicropollutants (e.g., PAHs, mercury compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, furans). The necessity of reducing polluting emissions to levels compatible with existing regulations dictates the adoption of rather sophisticated- and expensive flue gas treatment sections in incineration plants. 

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