Dialkyl phosphate metabolites

Barr, Dana B., et al. (2004). Concentrations of dialkyl phosphate metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides in the U.S. population. Environmental Health Perspectives 112(2) 186-200. Greenlee, A. R., T. M. Ellis, and R. L. Berg. (2004). Low-dose agrochemicals and lawn-care pesticides induce developmental toxicity in murine preimplantation embryos. Environmental Health Perspectives 112(6) 703-709. 

Richardson ER, Seiber JN. 1993. Gas chromatographic determination of organophosphorus insecticides and their dialkyl phosphate metabolites in liver and kidney samples. J Agric Food Chem 41 416-422. 

Biocides are known to be tracked into the homes after a certain outdoor application (Lewis and Nishioka, 1999 Nishioka et al., 2001). Furthermore transport routes, that is, transfer from the workplace to the home (para-occupational or take-home exposure) may be relevant. Household dust concentrations of azino-phosmethyl, chlorpyrifos, parathion and phosmet were significantly lower in reference homes when compared with farmer/farmworker homes (Simcox et al., 1995). Dialkyl phosphate metabolites measured in children s urine were elevated for agrarian children compared with children whose parents did not work in agriculture (Fenske et al., 2000). 

Lead, cadmium, mercury, cobalt, uranium, antimony, barium, beryllium, cesium, molybdenum, platinum, thallium, tungsten, organochlorine pesticides, organophospho-rus insecticides (dialkyl phosphate metabolites), (specific metabolites), pyrethroid pesticides, other pesticides (2-isopropoyxyphenol, carbofuranphenol), herbicides, phthalates, phytoestrogens, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls, tobacco smoke... 

Organochlorines (DDT), organophophorus dialkyl phosphate metabolites, pyrethroids, PCBs, PBDEs, phthalates, lead, mercury... 

Franklin, C.A., R. Greenhalgh and H.I. Maibach (1983). Correlation of urinary dialkyl phosphate metabolite levels with dermal exposure to azinphos-methyl, in Human Welfare and the Environment, Vol. 3, J. Miyamoto and P.C. Kearney (Eds), Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 221-226. 

Bravo R, Driskell WJ, Whitehead RD, Jr, Needham LL, Barr DB. Quantitation of dialkyl phosphate metabolites of organophosphate pesticides in human urine using GC-MS-MS with isotopic internal standards. J Anal Toxicol 2002 26 245-52. 

Fenske RA, Leffingwell JT. Method for determination of dialkyl phosphate metabolites in urine for studies of human exposure to malathion. J Agric Food Chem 1985 37 995-8. 

Ogloblinc. A. N, Elimclakh, H., Taltam, B., Geyer. R., O Donnell, G. ., and Holder. G. (200 ). Negative ion chemical ionization GC/MS-MS analy.sis of dialkyl phosphate metabolites of organophosphate pesticides in urine of non-occupationally exposed subjects. Anrrfyjf 126, 1037-1041. 

Nitrobenzyl)-3-(4-tolyl)tri-azene as a Derivatizing Reagent for the Analysis of Urinary Dialkyl Phosphate Metabolites of Organophosphorus Pesticides by Gas Chromatography J. Agric. Food Chem. 27(4) 746-753 (1979) CA 91 50421n... 

In urine, OPFR metabolites have been detected, but the median concentrations of the diaryl and dialkyl phosphates remained mostly below the quantification limit. Ranges of concentrations of dialkyl and diaryl phosphates are shown in Table 4. In the study of Schindler et al. [302, 303], the detection frequency was highest for BCEP (50%), followed by DPP (30%), BCPP (12%), and DBP (3%). Di-w-cresyl and di-/7-cresyl phosphate were not found in any sample, probably due to lower exposure in the indoor environment. Reemtsma et al. [304] found also monoaryl and alkyl phosphates in human urine, of which the monobutyl phosphate was the... 

Hydrazines may be nucleophiles such as when they interact with aldehyde and keto groups to form hydrazones. This is the basis for the inhibition of enzymes such as transaminases, which rely on pyridoxal phosphate as a coenzyme. Mono-substituted hydrazines can be formed as metabolites when azo groups are reduced, dialkylated hydrazines are dealkylated or hydrazides are hydrolysed. 

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