Polychlorinated biphenyls accumulation

Eby, L.A., C.A. Stow, R.J. Hesselberg, and J.F. Kitchell. 1997. Modeling changes in growth and diet on polychlorinated biphenyl accumulation in Coregonus hoyi. Ecol. Appl. 7 981-990. 

Shain, W., S.R. Overmann, L.R. Wilson, J. Kostas, and B. Bush. 1986. A congener analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls accumulating in rat pups after perinatal exposure. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15 687-707. 

Feldmann, R. S., and J. E. Titus, Polychlorinated biphenyl accumulation differs among pumpkinseed sunfish during experimental field exposure The role of invertebrate prey , Aquat. Toxicol., 51, 389-404 (2001). 

Gutjahr-Gobell, R.E., D.E. Black, L.J. Mills, R.J. Pruell, B.K. Taplin and S. Jayaraman. Feeding the mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) a diet spiked with non-ortho and mono-ortho-substituted polychlorinated biphenyls accumulation and effects. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18 699—707, 1999. 

Fowler, S.W., G.G. Polikarpov, D.L. Elder, P. Parsi, and J.-P. Villeneuve.1978. Polychlorinated biphenyls accumulation from contaminated sediments and water by the polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Mar. Biol. 48 303-309. 

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) ai e toxic compounds of anthropogenous origin, able to accumulate in tissues of alive organisms and to cause different diseases. These compounds ai e the most dangerous for aquatic ecosystems as they easily adsorb in sludge and ai e included in food chains of biota. Humans consume PCBs and OCPs mostly with fish. 

PCBS (polychlorinated biphenyls) Toxic synthetic chemicals with excellent heat resistance and low electrical conductivity properties. Now little used but considerable quantities remain in old electrical equipment. Produces dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans when burned below 1200°C. PCBs are toxic and bio-accumulative. 

Chavez EP, H Liinsdorf, CA Jerez (2004) Growth of polychlorinated-biphenyl-degrading bacteria in the presence of biphenyl and chlorobiphenyls generates oxidative stress and massive accumulation of inorganic polyphosphate. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 3064-3072. 

Nichols JW, Larsen CP, McDonald ME, Niemi GJ, Ankley GT. 1990. Bioenergetics-based model for accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls by nestling tree swallows, Tachycineta bicolor. Environ Sci Technol 29 604-612. 

Lester, D.C. and A. McIntosh. 1994. Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners from Lake Champlain sediments by My sis relicta. Envimn. Toxicol. Chem. 13 1825-1841. 

Maruya, K.A. and R.F. lee. 1998. Biota-sediment accumulation and trophic transfer factors for extremely hydrophobic polychlorinated biphenyls. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 2463-2469. 

Muir, D.C.G., R.J. Norstrom, and M. Simon. 1988. Qrganochlorine contaminants in Arctic marine food chains accumulation of specific polychlorinated biphenyls and chlordane-related compounds. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22 1071-1079. 

Stange, K. and D.L. Swackhammer. 1994. Factors affecting phytoplankton species-specific differences in accumulation of 40 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13 1849-1860. 

Nakata, H. et al., Accumulation patterns of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) found stranded along coastal California, USA, Environ. Pollut., 103, 45, 1998. 

Following an aviation kerosin spill, hydrocarbons were detected in trout stream sediments and fish up to 14 months after the spill [13]. After a fire at a weed treatment plant in 1970 a large area of mixed forested ecosystem became contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and creosote [66], High polyaromatic concentrations in stream sediments adversely affected micro- and meiobenthic communities at all trophic levels. Stein et al. [67] have studied the uptake by bethnic fish (English sole, Parophrys vetulus) of benzopyrene and polychlorinated biphenyls from sediments. Accumulation of contaminants from sediments was a significant route of uptake by English sole. 

The formation of polar metabolites from nonpolar materials may actually facilitate monitoring programs—in many cases the polar chemicals are highly concentrated in certain body fluids such as bile and urine. On the other hand, materials such as certain cyclodienes and polychlorinated biphenyls, which are very lipid soluble and resistant to metabolism, may accumulate and these chemicals may persist in the environment and may be transferred via the food chain to man. There is also interest in these biotransformation processes in lower organisms since the simplicity of these systems may lead to a better understanding of the phylogenetic development of xenobiotic metabolism. 

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been used in various industrial processes during the past 40 years but were not recognized as major environmental contaminants until 1966 (1). Fish as a major food source have attained the dubious honor of being the most frequently cited PCB contamination problem (2). In the following presentation disposition of PCBs in fish will be discussed from four points of view accumulation, metabolism, distribution and elimination. No attempt will be made to cover PCB residue levels found in fish in nature (3) or acute or chronic toxicity of PCBs in fish (4-20). 

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were manufactured by catalytic chlorination of biphenyl to produce complex mixtures, each containing 60-90 different PCB molecular species or congeners (see Chaps. 1 and 4). In the United States, PCB mixtures were manufactured by Monsanto under the trade name Aroclor and were widely used as dielectric fluids in capacitors and transformers from 1929 to 1978. PCBs are widespread contaminants of aquatic sediments and continue to be a focus of environmental concern because they tend to accumulate in biota and are potentially toxic. The following sections show the most effective bioremediation techniques applied to various PCB contaminated environments ... 

Elder JF, Mattraw HC Jr. 1984. Accumulation of trace elements, pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments and the clam corbicula manilensis of the Apalachicola River, Florida. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 13 453-469. 

PIO Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of pollutants widely distributed in the environment due to their generous use in the past, their lipophilic character, and their chemical stabilityd Thus, PCBs have a long environmental half-life and tend to accumulate in the food chains the highest concentrations were usually found in human beings and higher animals at the top of the food chaind- ... 

Overview and Importance. The pollutants known as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are widely distributed in the environment due to their extensive use in the past, lipophilic (fet-loving) character, and general chemical stability. Moreover, PCBs tend to accumulate in the food chain. Thus, several countries have established recommended maximum limits for PCBs in food products. Among these products, milk is especially important because of its extensive and widespread consun tion by humans. 

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