Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans

M. Freiberg, D.L. McAllister, C.J. Mazac, P. Ranken Analysis of Trace Levels of Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Brominated Flame Retardants Presented on June 30, 1993 at Orgabrom 93 in Jerusalem. 

Table 1 Concentrations of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (CIPAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in ambient air, soil, and human samples collected from e-waste recycling and reference sites in China... 

WHO/ICPS (1998) Environmental Health Criteria 205 polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. World Health Organization, Geneva... 

Polybrominated biphenyls (No. 152,1994) Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (No. 205,1998) Polychlorinated biphenyls and terphenyls (No. 2,1976,1st edition) ... 

It would be helpful to develop data determining the accuracy of PBDE determinations (e.g., percent recovery) in environmental samples. Methods for determining degradation products and metabolites of PBDE are needed. There is no information in the literature of detectable biodegradation of PBDEs in the environment under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The analysis of PBDE pyrolysis degradation products, such as polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), is often disturbed by the presence of PBDEs. Ebert et al. (1999) demonstrated that by using a Florisil column ina sample clean-up process, almost complete separation of PBDEs and PBDD/Fs is achieved before analysis by GC-MS. 

Lutes CC, Charles MJ, Odum JR, et al. 1992. Chamber aging studies on the atmospheric stability of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Environ Sci Technol 26(5) 991-998. 

Mennear JH, Lee C-C. 1994. Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans literature review and health assessment. Environ Health Perspect Suppl 102 265-274. 

Neupert M, Grape A, Weis H. 1988. Stability of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans under laboratory handling conditions. Chemosphere 17 1089-1097. 

IPCS Environmental Health Criteria 205 Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans, Geneva World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety, 1996. 

In addition, the concern about e-waste not only focuses on its vast quantity generated daily, but also more on the need to handle the toxic chemicals embedded in it. It is well known that e-waste contains lead, beryllium, mercury, cadmium (Cd), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) among other chemical materials [3]. Furthermore, highly toxic chemicals such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans (PBDD/Fs) can be formed during the recycling process [4]. 

Wen S, Yang F, Li JG, Gong Y, Zhang XL, Hui Y, Wu YN, Zhao YF, Xu Y (2009) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) monitored by tree bark in an e-waste recycling area. Chemosphere 74(7) 981-987. doi 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.002... 

Loganathan BG, Kannn K, Watanabe, et al. 1995. Isomer-specific determination and toxic evaluation of polychlrinated biphenyls, polychlorinated/brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polybrominated biphenyl ethers, and extractable organic halogen in carp from the Buffalo River, New York. Environ Sci Technol 29(7) 1832-1838. 

Cyanopropylphenyl methylpolysiloxane Disinfection by-products (derivatized aldehydes), polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers... 

Luijk R, Covers HAJ. 1992. The formation of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) and dibenzofurans (PBDFs) during pyrolysis of polymer blends containing brominated flame retardants. Chemosphere 25(3) 361-374. 

Choi, J.W., Fujimaki, S., Kitamura, K., Hashimoto, S., Ito, H., Suzuki, N., Sakai, S., Morita, M., 2003. Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and diphenyl ethers in Japanese human adipose tissue. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 817-821. 

Thies J, Neupert M, Pump W (1990), Chemosphere 20 1921-1928. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA), its derivatives and their flame retarded (FR) polymers -content of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDD) and dibenzofurans (PBDF) - PBDD/F formation under processing and smouldering (worst case) conditions"... 

Hamm S, Theisen J (1992), Posterbeitrag auf dem Kongress DIOXIN 92.. .Formation of polybrominated dibenzofurans and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins at fires of electrical appliances" Marklund S, Kjeller LO, Hansson M, Tysklind M, Rappe C, Ryan C, Collazo H, Dougherty R (1986), in Chlorinated Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Perspective Determination of PCDDs and PCDFs in incineration samples and pyrolytic products", p. 79-92, Lewis Publishers, London... 

Hayakawa K, Takatsuki H, Watanabe I et al (2004) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) and monobromo-polychlori-nated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (MoBPXDD/Fs) in the atmosphere and bulk deposition in Kyoto, Jrqian. Chemosphere 57 343-356 Hildemarm LM, Markowski GR, Jones MC et al (1991) Submicrometer aerosol mass distributions of emissions from boilers, fireplaces, automobiles, diesel trucks, and meatcooking operations. Aerosol Sci Technol 14 138-152 HlUery BR, Basu I, Sweet CW et al (1997) Temporal and spatial trends in a long-term study of gas-phase PCB eoncentrations near the Great Lakes. Environ Sci Technol 31 1811-1816 Hites RA (2004) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people a metaanalysis of eoneentrations. Environ Sci Technol 38 945-956... 

Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) and Dibenzofurans (PBDFs)... 

The HO -initiated oxidation of 2,4,4 -tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE-28) in the atmosphere and in water solution has been studied and found to occur more readily in the former, especially at the less-brominated Ph ring. The hydrox-ylated dibrominated diphenyl ethers (HO -PBDEs, PBDE = polybrominated diphenyl ethers) are formed through direct bromine-substitution reactions or secondary reactions of HO adducts. Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins resulting from o-HO -PBDEs are favoured products compared with polybrominated dibenzofurans generated by bromophenols and their radicals. The complete degradation of HO adducts in the presence of O2/NO, which generates unsaturated ketones and aldehydes, is less feasible compared with the H-abstraction pathways by 03." ... 

Aryl halides tend to be chemically unreactive and include persistent environmental pollutants such as dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Many studies of the photochemistry of halogenated aromatic compounds have been stimulated by environmental concerns, the goal often being to understand whether photolysis is an important sink for these compounds in natural waters - or in the atmosphere.The photochemistry of aryl halides causes problems in this context because many aryl halides have minimal absorption in the region of the tropospheric solar spectrum (>295 nm), and experiments at environmentally irrelevant wavelengths such as 254 nm are... 

Eljarrat E, De La Cal A, Larrazabal D, Fabrellas B, Femandez-Alba AR, Borrull F, Marce RM, Barcelo D (2005) Occurrence of polybrominated diphenylethers, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls in coastal sediments from Spain. Environ Pollut 136(3) 493-501... 

As polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are compounds with similar structures and monitoring methods, they are discussed together in this chapter. The structures of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, and PBDEs are shown in Fig. 4.1. 

Buser HR (1986), Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 404-408.. .Polybrominated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins thermal reaction products of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants"... 

Hamm S, Theisen J (1992), Posterbeitrag bei DIOXIN 92, Tampere, Finnland.. .Formation of polybrominated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins at fires of electrical appliances"... 

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