Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and

M. Freiberg, D.L. McAllister, C.J. Mazac, P. Ranken Analysis of Trace Levels of Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Brominated Flame Retardants Presented on June 30, 1993 at Orgabrom 93 in Jerusalem. 

In addition, the concern about e-waste not only focuses on its vast quantity generated daily, but also more on the need to handle the toxic chemicals embedded in it. It is well known that e-waste contains lead, beryllium, mercury, cadmium (Cd), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) among other chemical materials [3]. Furthermore, highly toxic chemicals such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans (PBDD/Fs) can be formed during the recycling process [4]. 

Table 1 Concentrations of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (CIPAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in ambient air, soil, and human samples collected from e-waste recycling and reference sites in China... 

WHO/ICPS (1998) Environmental Health Criteria 205 polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. World Health Organization, Geneva... 

Polybrominated biphenyls (No. 152,1994) Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (No. 205,1998) Polychlorinated biphenyls and terphenyls (No. 2,1976,1st edition) ... 

It would be helpful to develop data determining the accuracy of PBDE determinations (e.g., percent recovery) in environmental samples. Methods for determining degradation products and metabolites of PBDE are needed. There is no information in the literature of detectable biodegradation of PBDEs in the environment under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The analysis of PBDE pyrolysis degradation products, such as polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), is often disturbed by the presence of PBDEs. Ebert et al. (1999) demonstrated that by using a Florisil column ina sample clean-up process, almost complete separation of PBDEs and PBDD/Fs is achieved before analysis by GC-MS. 

Ebert J, Lorenze W, Bahadir M. 1999. Optimization of the analytical performance of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofiirans (PBDD-F). Chemosphere 39(6) 977-986. 

Lutes CC, Charles MJ, Odum JR, et al. 1992. Chamber aging studies on the atmospheric stability of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Environ Sci Technol 26(5) 991-998. 

Mennear JH, Lee C-C. 1994. Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans literature review and health assessment. Environ Health Perspect Suppl 102 265-274. 

Mason G, Zacharewiski T, Denomme MA, Safe L, Safe S (1987) Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Related Compounds Quantitative In Vivo and In Vitro Structure Activity Relationships. Toxicology 44 245... 

Neupert M, Grape A, Weis H. 1988. Stability of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans under laboratory handling conditions. Chemosphere 17 1089-1097. 

IPCS Environmental Health Criteria 205 Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans, Geneva World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety, 1996. 

Loganathan BG, Kannan K, Watanabe I, Kawano M, Irvine K, Kumar S, Sikka HC (1995) Isomer-specific determination and toxic evaluation of polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated/polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans, polybrominated biphenylethers and extractable organic halogen in Carp from the Buffalo river, New York. Environ Sci Technol 29, 1832-1838. 

Polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-p-furans, which are byproducts of combustion, can also be sampled in air nsing the high-volume air sampler and the quartz filter and PUF cartridges depicted in Figure 15.27. The dioxins and furans are determined by high-resolntion GCMS. Detection limits of 10-20 fg/m are possible for these compounds in air when 300-400 m of air is sampled (121). 

Leung AOW, Luksemburg WJ, Wong AS, Wong MH (2007) Spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo furans in soil and combusted residue at Guiyu, an electronic waste recycling site in southeast China. Environ Sci Technol 41 2730-2737... 

Wen S, Yang F, Li JG, Gong Y, Zhang XL, Hui Y, Wu YN, Zhao YF, Xu Y (2009) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) monitored by tree bark in an e-waste recycling area. Chemosphere 74(7) 981-987. doi 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.002... 

Luijk R, Covers HAJ. 1992. The formation of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) and dibenzofurans (PBDFs) during pyrolysis of polymer blends containing brominated flame retardants. Chemosphere 25(3) 361-374. 

Watanabe I, Kawano M, Tatsukawa R. 1995. Polybrominated and mixed polybromo/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenxofurans in the Japanese environment. Organohalogen Compounds 24 337-240. 

Polychlorinated Dibenzo-(p)-Dioxins and Dibenzo-Furans. Another group of compounds that we need to specifically address are the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzo-furans (PCDFs) (Fig. 2.15). The PCDDs and PCDFs are not intentionally produced but are released into the environment from various combustion processes and as a result of their occurrence as unwanted byproducts in various chlorinated chemical formulations (e.g., chlorinated phenols, chlorinated phenoxy herbicides see Alcock and Jones, 1996). Because some of the PCDD and PCDF congeners are very toxic (e.g., 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro dibenzo-p-dioxin, see margin), there have been and still are considerable efforts to assess their sources, distribution, and fate in the environment. Similarly to the PCBs or DDT (see above), the PCDDs and PCDFs are highly hydrophobic and very persistent in the environment. It is therefore not surprising that they have also been detected everywhere on earth (Brzuzy and Hites, 1996 Lohmann and Jones, 1998 Vallack et al., 1998). Finally, we should note that polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs, see margin) that, like the PBBs (see above), are used as flame retardants, are of increasing environmental concern (de Boer et al., 2000). 

Choi, J.W., Fujimaki, S., Kitamura, K., Hashimoto, S., Ito, H., Suzuki, N., Sakai, S., Morita, M., 2003. Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and diphenyl ethers in Japanese human adipose tissue. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 817-821. 

Kim, B.-H., Ikonomou, M.G., Lee, S.-J., Kim, H.-S., Chang, Y.-S., 2005e. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofu-rans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in human blood samples from Korea. Sci. Total Environ. 336, 45-56. 

Kang, Y.S., Matsuda, M., Kawano, M., Wakimito, T., Min, B.Y., 1997. Organochlorine pesticides, polybrominated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofu-rans in human adipose tissue from Western Kyungnam, Korea. Chemosphere 35, 2107-2117. 

Luijk R, Dorland K, Smit P, Govers HAJ (1993), in Polycyclic aromatic compounds", prediction of the gas chromatographic retention behaviour of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins , p. 565-572, Garrigues Ph, Lamotte M (Eds.), Gordon and Breach, Yverdon Weber R, Hagenmaier H (1994), Organohalogen Compounds 19 7-11. Polyfluorinated diben-zodioxins/furans - Synthesis, analysis and formation", Eds. University of Kyoto, Japan... 

Thies J, Neupert M, Pump W (1990), Chemosphere 20 1921-1928. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA), its derivatives and their flame retarded (FR) polymers -content of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDD) and dibenzofurans (PBDF) - PBDD/F formation under processing and smouldering (worst case) conditions"... 

Hamm S, Theisen J (1992), Posterbeitrag auf dem Kongress DIOXIN 92.. .Formation of polybrominated dibenzofurans and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins at fires of electrical appliances" Marklund S, Kjeller LO, Hansson M, Tysklind M, Rappe C, Ryan C, Collazo H, Dougherty R (1986), in Chlorinated Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Perspective Determination of PCDDs and PCDFs in incineration samples and pyrolytic products", p. 79-92, Lewis Publishers, London... 

Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PB-DDs) are highly toxic however, less toxic than the chloro compounds. The effects and symptoms are comparable to those of chlorinated dioxins. In rats, 2,3,7,8-bromo isomer was 3 to 10 times less toxic than 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Loeser and Ivens 1988). Mason et al. (1987b) have investigated the biological and toxic effects and structure-activity relationships of brominated and chlorinated... 

Hayakawa K, Takatsuki H, Watanabe I et al (2004) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) and monobromo-polychlori-nated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (MoBPXDD/Fs) in the atmosphere and bulk deposition in Kyoto, Jrqian. Chemosphere 57 343-356 Hildemarm LM, Markowski GR, Jones MC et al (1991) Submicrometer aerosol mass distributions of emissions from boilers, fireplaces, automobiles, diesel trucks, and meatcooking operations. Aerosol Sci Technol 14 138-152 HlUery BR, Basu I, Sweet CW et al (1997) Temporal and spatial trends in a long-term study of gas-phase PCB eoncentrations near the Great Lakes. Environ Sci Technol 31 1811-1816 Hites RA (2004) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people a metaanalysis of eoneentrations. Environ Sci Technol 38 945-956... 

Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) and Dibenzofurans (PBDFs)... 

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