Poly-p-hydroxybutyric acid

Figure 1-3 A cell of a Spirillum negatively stained with phosphotungstic acid. Note the tufts of flagella at the ends, the rough appearance of the outer surface, the dark granules of poly-p-hydroxybutyric acid and the light-colored granules of unknown nature. Courtesy of F. D. Williams, Call E. VanderMolen, and C. F. Amstein.

Abbreviations A, acetone ASES, aerosol solvent extraction system DM, dichloromethane DMF, A/,A/-dimethyl-formamide E, ethanol GAS, gas antisolvent process H, hexane HYAFF-11, hyaluronic acid benzylic ester I, isopropanol PAN, polyacrylonitrile PCA, precipitation with compressed antisolvent PCL, polycaprolactone PHB, poly(p-hydroxybutyric acid) PLA, polylactic acid PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) SAS, supercritical antisolvent process SEDS, solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids TFE, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol Triblock polymer, p poly(L-lactide-CO-D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)(62.5 1 2.5 25). 

Suzuki, T, Yamane, T., Shimizu, S. (1986). Mass production of poly-p-hydroxybutyric acid by fully automatic fed-batch culture of methylotroph. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 23(5), 322-329. 

Braunegg, G., Sonnleitner, B., LafFerty, R. M. (1978). A rapid gas chromatographic method for the determination of poly-P-hydroxybutyric acid in microbial biomass. European Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 6(1), 29-37. 

Synthetic or man-made, e.g., PVAl, CA, polylactams e.g., polycaprolactam), polyglycols (e.g., polyethylene glycol), poly(aspartic acid), poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate), as well as poly(3-hydroxy butyrate) or PHB, poly(P-hydroxybutyric acid) or PHBA, poly(hydroxy-valerate) or PHV, poly(lactic acid) or PLA, polyCglycolic acid), polyglycolides, polybu-tyric acid, their copolymers and mixtures. 

Jarute G, Kainz A, SchroU G, Baena JR, Lendl B (2004) On-line determination of the intracellular poly(P-hydroxybutyric acid) content in transformed Escherichia coli and glucose during PHB production using stopped-flow attenuated total reflection FT-IR spectrometry. Anal Chem 76 6353-6358... 

Takeoka GR, Full GH, Dao LT (1997) Effect of heating on the characteristics and chemical composition of selected frying oils and fats. J Agric Food Chem 45 3244-3249 Tamer IM, Murray MY, Chisti Y (1998) Optimization of poly(p-hydroxybutyric acid) recovery from Alcaligenes latus combined mechanical and chemical treatments. Biopioc Biosyst Eng 19 459-468... 

Daniel, M., Choi, J., Kim, J. and Lebeault, J., 1992, Effect of nutrient deficiency on accumulation and relative molecular weight of poly-P-hydroxybutyric acid by methylotrophic bacterium. Pseudomonas 135. Appl. Microbiol. BiothecnoL, 37 702-706. 

Lillo, J.A.G. and Rodriguez-Valera, F. (1990) Effects of culture conditions on poly (p-hydroxybutyric acid) production by Haloferax mediterranei. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 56, 2517-2521. Quillaguaman, J., Guzman, H., Van-Thuoc, D. and Kaul, R.H. (2010) Synthesis and production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by halophQes current potential and future prospects. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 85,1687-1696. 

Young, F.K., James, R., Sheldon, K. and May, W. (1994) Microbial production of poly-P-hydroxybutyric acid from d-Xylose and lactose by Pseudomonas cepacia. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60(11), 4195-4198. 

Ishizaki, A. and Tanaka, K. (1991) Production of poly-p-hydroxybutyric acid from carbon dioxide by Alcaligenes eutrophus ATCC 17697T. Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering, 4, 254-257. 

Lafferty, R.M. and Heinzle, E. (1978) Cyclic carbonic acid esters as solvents for poly-(P-hydroxybutyric acid. US patent 4101533. 

Saruul P, Srienc F, Somers DA, Samac DA (2002) Production of a biodegradable plastic polymer, poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate, in transgenic alfalfa. Crop Sci 42 919-927 Schubert P, Steinbuchel A, Schlegel HG (1988) Cloning of the Alcaligenes eutrophus genes for the synthesis of poly-P-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) and synthesis of PHB in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 170 5837-5847... 

Polymers in the group of polyesters, specifically the family of polyflactic acid) (PLA), polyfglycolic acid) (PGA), and copolymers of lactic and glycolic acids (PLGAs), as well as poly(P-hydroxybutyric acid) (PHB) most closely fulfilled the criteria outlined above, including biocompatibility, processability, and controlled degradation [8]. These polymers, many descendant of absorbable suture materials developed a couple of decades ago, were approved for in vivo use by the Food... 

PF Phenol-formaldehyde PGA Polyglycolic acid PGI Polyglutarimide PHA Polyhydroxyalcanoate PHB Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate PHBA Poly(p-hydroxybutyric acid)... 

Kopinke F.-D., Remmler M., Mackenzie K. Thermal decomposition of biodegradable polyesters-I poly(p-hydroxybutyric acid), Polym. Deg. Stab. 53 (1996) 25. 

J. Kazuhiko, N. Masahiro, and K. Miho, Controlled release of aclarubicim, an anti cancer antibiotic, from poly-P-hydroxybutyric acid microspheres, J. Controlled Release, 4(1), 25-32, 1986. 

Lillo, J. G. and Rodriguez-Valera, F. (1998). Effect of culture conditions on poly(P-hydroxybutyric acid) production by Haloferax mediterranei. Applied Microbiology 56, 2517-2521. 

Schlegel HG, Gottschalk G, Von Vartha R (1961) Formation and utilization of poly-P-hydroxybutyric acid by Knallgas bacteria (Hydrogenomonas). Nature 191 463-165... 

Schubert P, Steinbiichel A, Schlegel HG (1988) Cloning of the Alcaligenes eutrophus gene for synthesis of poly-P-hydroxybutyric acid and synthesis of PHB in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 170 5837-5847... 

Stols L, Kulkarni G, Harris BG, Donnelly MI (1997) Expression of Ascaris suum malic enzyme in a mutant Escherichia coli allows production of succinic acid from glucose. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 63-65 153-158 Suzuki T, Yamane T, Shimizu S (1986) Mass production of poly- P-hydroxybutyric acid by fed-batch culture with controlled carbon/nitrogen feeding. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 24 370-374... 

Another type of isotactic polymer, poly-P-hydroxybutyric acid, which initially was found in bacteria in 1925 (Lemoigne, 1926,1927a, 1927b), was later identified in the cyanobacterium Chlorogloeajritschii (Carr, 1966). It was quickly established that these polymers were present in the form of granules in the cytoplasm of the Prokaryotes (eubacteria and cyanobacteria), and it seems to be generally accepted that these substances are used as an energy reserve, much like starch for the Eukaryotes (Dawes, 1988 Anderson and Dawes, 1990 Anderson, Haywood, and Dawes, 1990 Stal, 1992). 

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