Poly amide Blends

Graft copolymers of a,j3-unsaturated carboxylic acids and anhydrides on a polypropylene backbone have often been used as compatibilizers for PP/PA blends. For example, a PP grafted with glycidyl and styrene moieties is a suitable compatibilizer (49). Likewise, a propylene homopolymer backbone is grafted with a st50-ene/meth-acrylic acid copolymer (PP-g-(S/MAA)) (50). 

Poly(arylene ether) resins are commercially attractive materials because of their unique combination of physical, chemical, and electrical properties. Furthermore, the combination of these resins with PA resins into compatibilized blends results in additional overall properties such as chemical resistance and high strength. 

As compatibilizers, dendritic poly(ester) resins are useful. This covers both dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers (51). Compatibilizers are needed, because conventional poly(arylene ether)/PA blends exhibit inadequate flow properties at the processing temperatures that are needed to minimize the thermal degradation of the resins. However, increasing the processing temperature beyond these temperatures in order to reduce viscosity of the blends results in brittle parts and surface imperfections in the final part. 

Two-phase blends of PA-6 and low density poly(ethylene) (LDPE) have been prepared. Here in the course of reactive extrusion, an in-situ grafting of itaconic acid on the LDPE takes place. The performance of blending was tested with both neutralization and without neutralization of the acid groups of itaconic acid (52). The maximum increase with regard to the mechanical properties was achieved when magnesium hydroxide was used as a neutralizing agent. 

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Poly(amide) Blends. PA resins exhibit good chemical resistance, mechanical strength, heat resistance, and abrasion resistance and is widely used for electric-electronic parts, machine parts and automobile parts. However, this resin is disadvantageous poor in its impact strength. 

Wroczynski, R.J., Polyphenylene Ether/Poly amide Blends Having Improved Melt Flow Characteristics, US 4822836, 1989. (General Electric Co.)... 

Equation (7) depicts the viscosity decrease independent of the chemical features of materials. Also for fixed T, Figs. 7 and 8 demonstrate a further example of a poly-amide-TLCP blend with different weight ratios. The rheological data in Fig. 7 were taken from Siegmann et al. [1]. It is obvious that the lowest blend viscosity is obtained at a TLCP loading of only 5%. This result is... 

Compositions of the ABS type may be mixed with other polymers. Suitable blend partners can be selected from poly(carbonate)s (PC)s, poly(ester)s, poly(ester carbonate)s and poly(amide)s (PA)s. Some especially preferred types, of these compounds and an overview of how to produced these types have been described (16). 

In order to control the pore texture in carbon materials, blending of two kinds of carbon precursors, the one giving a relatively high carbonization yield and the other having a very low yield, was proposed and called polymer blend method [112], This idea gave certain success to prepare macroporous carbons from poly(urethane-imide) films prepared by blending poly(amide acid) and phenol-terminated polyurethane prepolymers [113]. By coupling this polymer blend method with... 

Fatty acid polygiycol ester Fatty acids source oil xoconut Fatty acids source oihsoya Fatty acids source oil mixed Fatty alcohol/ethylene oxide condensate Fatty alcohol sulfates Fatty amide Fatty amide Fatty amide blend Fatty amides and cationic poly-ethylenes blend Fatty amide condensate Fatty amide condensate wax Fatty amidoquaternary Fatty amine Fatty amine... 

Poly(amino acids)2892 and polypeptides2893 can also be grafted onto starch. Starch was first alkylated in the presence of lithium naphthalene, and then the alkoxy derivatives were reacted with /V-carboxy anhydrides. Poly(amide amines) were produced by reacting amines with dioic acids on starch and then crosslinking with epichlorohydrin or 1,2-dichloroethane 2894 Grafting of starch with a synthetic polymer chain, for instance, polystyryl carboxylate anions prepared by an anionic polymerization, can be carried out on a blend of starch and cellulose functionalized by sulfonation, mesylation, or tosylation. In this manner, cellulose-starch graft copolymers were prepared.2895... 

Additional polymer blends comprising PAEK s offering property combinations of potential utility include PSF [Robeson and Harris, 1986 Harris and Robeson, 1989] structurally different poly(aryl ketones) [Harris and Robeson, 1986], PAr [Robeson and Harris, 1992], poly(amide-imide) PAI [Harris and Gavula, 1992], PPS [Robeson, 1987], and other PI [Harris et al., 1992]. Mixtures of structurally different PAEK s were noted to be isomorphic within specific limits of ether/ketone ratios [Harris and Robeson, 1987]. Blends of polybenzimidazole, PBI and several commercial PI (Ultem 1000 and Matrimid 5218) have been studied in depth at the University of Massachusetts and found to be miscible. FTIR studies [Guerra et al., 1988 Kim et al., 1993], NMR studies [Grobelny et al., 1990], thermal, dielectric, and mechanical... 

Through the synthesis of poly(urethane-imide) films and their carbonization, carbon films were obtained whose macropore structure could be controlled by changing the molecular structure of polyurethane prepolymer [164-166]. Poly(urethane-imide) films were prepared by blending poly(amide acid), which was synthesized from pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and 4,4 -oxydianiline (ODA), and phenol-terminated polyurethane pjrejwlymers, which were synthesized through the reaction of polyester polyol with either hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), tolylene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) or 4,4 -diphenyknethane-diisocyanate (MDI). The reaction schemes of two components, poly(imide) (PI) and poly(urethane) (PU), are shown in Fig. 46a). 

Heikens et al. 1 >1 observed, in the case of 75/25 PS/PE blends having 0%, 1%, 7% of added graft copol3nner, that the dimensions of the PE domains decrease with increasing copolymer concentrations. Similar results were obtained for the same systems by Paul and for PS/Polydiene 1, for PVC/PE 1 >1, and for Poly-amide/Polyolefin blends by several reserach groups. 

Blends of poly(aryl ether ketone)s and certain poly(amide imide)s and poly(imide)s (PI)s are highly compatible. They tend to form one phase in the amorphous state, and thus are miscible systems. As a result, such blends significantly improve the processability of the poly(amide imide) or the PI material. Further, by increasing its Tg, the ultimate use temperature of the poly(aryl ether ketone) is significantly increased. ... 

J. E. Harris and J. P. Gavula. Blends of a poly(amide imide) and a poly-Caryl ether ketone). US Patent 5 079 308, assigned to Amoco Corporation (Chicago, IL), January 7, 1992. 

C. Zhao, Z. Wang, D. Bi, H. Lin, K. Shao, T. Fu, S. Zhong, and H. Na Blend membranes based on disulfonated poly(aryl ether ether ketone)s (SPEEK) and poly(amide imide) (PAI) for direct methanol fuel cell usages. Polymer, 48(11) 3090-3097, May 2007. 

Wu B, Zheng X, Leng J, Yang B, Chen X, He B. Compatibilization of ethylene/maleic anhydride/glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer for polyCphenylene sulfide)/poly(amide-66) blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2012 124(l) 325-32. 

W. Yave, A. Car, K.-V. Peinemann, M. Q. Shaikh, K. Ratzke, F. FaupeL Gas permeability and free volume in poly(amide-b-ethylene oxide)/polyethylene glycol blend membranes, J. Membr. ScL, 339, 177-183 (2009). 

It should be noted that Car et al. [10,11] (see also Chapter 12 of this volume) worked independently on similar blend manbranes, which were made of Pebax 1657, a grade of commercial poly(amide-b-ether) block copolymer with six polyamide blocks, and free PEG. Those membranes were also shown to exhibit high selectivity and permeability performances, which were attribnted to changes in both the chemical composition (i.e. higher EO content) and the morphological stmctuie (i.e. lower material crystallinity). On the contrary, Jaipurkar [12] observed CO2 permeability and selectivity improvements for the blend of Pebax 2533 with 25% of PEG 10000, bnt not for the blends with other PEG molecular weights or composition. 

These poly(amide-imide) materials were extensively studied in the 1980s in various aspects (e.g. synthesis and preparation of blends with other polymeric materials), [2, 88-96] demonstrating the increasing interest in these materials. More recently, water soluble polyamides and poly(amide-imide)s [97] as well as polyhydroxyimides [98] structurally analogous to those described in Fig. 4.18 have been reported. Additionally, photoactive polymers were prepared by the condensation of a maleopimaric adduct with azo-dye type diamines [99]. The levopimaric... 

Filippone, G., Dintcheva, N. T., Acierno, D., and La Mantia, F P. 2008. The role of organoclay in promoting co-continuous morphology in high-density poly(ethylene)/poly(amide) 6 blends. PoZyffjcr 49 1312-1322. 

Further evidence for interfacial adhesion via hydrogen bonding within PLA/hyperbranched poly(ester amide) blends was then reported by Lin et al. 

There are some newer application areas and polymer blend products targeted to fit those new opportunities. The latter include such combinations as PVC and PS blended with PP, HOPE, and each other metallocene-polymerized nanoscale blends of polyolefins with more polar polymer partners and, for high-temperature/high-performance applications, PPS blended with PSF, PEI, and polyamides as well as blends incorporating poly(aryl ketones), polyimides, and poly(amide-imides) (Thomas et al. 2006). 

Poly(amide enamine ether) from DK and ED-600, DK (2.61 ml, 33.3 mmole) was added to 75 ml toluene in a 200 ml 3-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with magnetic stirring, purge, and cooled in an ice bath. ED-600 (10.0 g, 16.7 mmole) was blended with 25 ml toluene in a separatory funnel, having a pressure equalization arm. The ED-600 solution was added slowly to the DK solution, taking care to control the exothermic reaction and keep the temperature between 10 and 18 C. 

Blends of Poly(amide imides) and Liquid-Crystalline Polymers... 

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