Pollution of Surface Waters

Surface waters contain in addition to other organic compounds relatively small quantities of volatile aromatics, and these are important mainly when they change 

1 pg/1 p-dichlorobenzene and 0.1 pg/1 trichlorobenzene [168]. Some chlorinated benzenes - such as chlorobenzene - are relatively easily decomposed in part to polar substances, such as o- and p-chlorophenols [71]. In summary the concentrations of these chlorinated mononuclear aromatics are in general very low, but they may 

Surface water from Surface water + final Surface water from Surface water from Surface water from Drinking water and 

Florida Bay Sedi- municipal discharge Wisconsin River, Delawere River, 

Wabash River, Kanawha River, Lake Erie, Ocoee River, Chattanooga, Creek [176, 177] 

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Carpenter SR, Caraco NE, Correll DL, Howarth RW, Sharpley AN, Smith VH (1998) Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecol Appl 8 559-568... 

Point sources are mainly responsible for the pollution of surface waters (rivers, lakes, seas), whereas nonpoint sources mainly contribute to the pollution of groundwater resources. Moreover, releases from point sources can be treated by wastewater treatment plants, whereas nonpoint source releases can only be minimized. 

Why is pollution of groundwater a greater environmental hazard than pollution of surface water ... 

The modern U.S. chemical industry emerged in 1915, when supplies of dyes were cut off by Germany, which required dyes and their intermediates for military purposes, including the manufacture of explosives, and also by the British blockade on German shipping. From the 1970s the by then mature industry declined in Europe and the United States, in part because of environmental difficulties facing dye manufacturers, such as the pollution of surface waters. 

Van Drecht, G., Bouwman, A. F., Knoop, J. M., Meinardi, C., and Beusen, A. (2001). Global Pollution of surface waters from point and nonpoint sources of nitrogen. The Scientific World 1(S2), 632-641. 

CUWVO (1990) Recommendations for the monitoring of compounds on the M-list of the national policy document on water management Water in the Netherlands a Time for Action (in Dutch). Commission for the Implementation of the Act on Pollution of Surface Waters (CUWVO), The Hague. 

Thirty-four minor and trace elements are of potential environmental concern (n ). Sulfur is the element of major concern due to its abundance in flue gases from some coal-burning plants and its subsequent contribution to "acid rain." Sulfur as acidic ions of sulfate can also contribute to pollution of surface water and groundwater. Other elements of greatest concern are As, B, Cd, Pb, Hg, Mo, and Se. With the exception of B and Se, these elements are strongly associated with mineral matter in the coal and are concentrated in waste piles from coal preparation plants. If the waste disposal site is not constructed as a closed system, pollution of nearby groundwater is possible. Boron and Se may contribute to the pollution risk as they are associated with both mineral and organic components. On the other hand, certain coal-mine wastes have potential for recovery of valuable metals such as zinc and cadmium (18). 

Sdat Short-term pollution of surface waters by storm water... 

COM (2006) 398 final. Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament Integrated - Prevention and control of chemical pollution of surface waters in the European Union. 

Following the prohibition of nuclear weapons testing the most important source of radioactive pollution of surface water is the radioactivity of wastes from exploitation and processing of uranium ores. Wastewaters with artificial radionuclides are less dangerous for surface water pollution. 

Literathy, P. Heavy Metal Pollution of Surface Waters. Miiszaki Konyvkiado, Budapest 1981 (in Hungarian). 

Rawson, D. M., Willmer, A. J., Cardosi, M. R, The Development of Whole Cell Biosensors for On-Line Screening of Herbicide Pollution of Surface Waters , Toxicity Assessment 2 (1987) 325-340. 

Rawson DM, Allison JW, Caidosi MF. The development of whole cell biosensors for on-line screening of herbicide pollution of surface waters. Toxic Assessment An internationaly quarterly 1987 2 325-340. 

In the middle and low reaches of the Pearl River, fertilizer was widely used in agriculture, and this was also a main source of nutrients for the estuary. This kind of non-point pollution of surface water was also one of the main sources of nutrients in other countries. There was a lot of marine culture in the PRE. The surplus feedstuff and the excretion of fish also contributed much to nutrients. 

The most common pollutants of surface waters and groundwater on land are bacteria and other organic matter, hydrocarbons, industrial waste, pesticides and other agrochemicals, and household products. Efforts to limit water pollution centre on the treatment of urban and industrial wastewaters, and unchannelled inflows, such as those of agricultural origin, are more difficult to control. Mention must also be made of marine pollution, oil spills in particular. 

A practical and very useful application of DNA analysis is in detecting coliform bacteria in water supplies. The same techniques can be extended to check for pollution of surface water and beaches by sewage. The importance of this is can easily be understood by looking at the range of pathogenic microorganisms which can be found in fecal material and can from time to time appear in areas... 

Further, although humanity constitutes mily a small part of the biosphere, human activities have a marked influence the surface environment of the earth (atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, soils). Consequently, the influence of humans on the other subsystems (atmosphere, hydrosphere, soils, rocks) through, for example, acid rain, pollution of surface water, geological disposal of nuclear waste, and underground CO2 sequestration are also examined (Chap. 6). 

Within the EU, pentachlorobenzene and HCB are classified as priority hazardous substances imder regulations that require measmes to be taken to eliminate their pollution of surface waters in Emope. They are also listed as persistent organic pollutants for global restriction under the Stockholm Convention, and in line with this they are prohibited or scheduled for reduction and eventual elimination in Europe. 

Uses of chromimn (VI) include certain textile processes and leather taiming. It is highly toxic even at low concentrations, including too many aquatic organisms. Within the EU, cadmium, mercury and lead have been classified as priority hazardous substances under regulations that require measru es to be taken to eliminate their pollution of surface waters in Europe. Uses of cadmium, mercury and lead have been severely restricted in Europe for some time, including certain specific uses of mercury and cadmium in textiles. 

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