Pollution biochemical oxygen demand

In regard to water pollution, reports pointed out that water pollutants have the ability to harm aquatic life, threaten human health, or result in the loss of recreational or aesthetic potential. Surface water pollutants come from industrial sources, nonpoint sources, municipal sources, background sources, and other/ unknown sources. Out of the eight chief water pollutants—biochemical oxygen demand, nutrients, suspended solids, pH, oil and grease, pathogenic microorganisms, toxic pollutants, and nontoxic pollutants—all, in one way or another, are linked to chemistry and the chemical industry. 

BOD Biochemical oxygen demand NPDES National pollutant discharge elimination system... 

The size of most biological reactors is determined by pollution load, for example, kg BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) or COD (chemical oxygen demand) per kg MLVSS (mixed liquor volatile suspended solids) per day in the case of suspended growth type systems, and kg BOD or COD per m3 of media or reactor volume in the case of fixed-film type systems. 

The pulp and paper industry is the largest industrial process water user in the U.S.5 In 2000, a typical pulp and paper mill used between 15,140 and 45,420 L (4000 to 12,000 gal) of water per ton of pulp produced. 1 2 3 4 General water pollution concerns for pulp and paper mills are effluent solids, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and color. Toxicity concerns historically occurred from the potential presence of chlorinated organic compounds such as dioxins, furans, and others (collectively referred to as adsorbable organic halides, or AOX) in wastewaters after the chlorination/ extraction sequence. With the substitution of chlorine dioxide for chlorine, discharges of the chlorinated compounds have decreased dramatically. 

Andre et al. [8] discuss the determination of adenosine-5 -triphosphate by luciferin-luciferase assay. This method was applied to the determination of adenosine-5 -triphosphate in bacterial colonies filtered from samples of polluted water after incubation for different periods. The adenosine-5 -triphosphate was extracted from the residue in the filter and the amount compared with the biochemical oxygen demand of the filtered water. The oxygen uptake rate and the rate of formation of adenosine-5 -triphosphate were then plotted against time, the two curves being similar in up to three to four days incubation, after which adenosine-5 -triphosphate production declined markedly, although oxygen uptake continued to increase. 

Valschnav, D. "Biochemical oxygen demand data base" Call, D.J. Brooke, L.T. Valschnav, D. AQUATIC POLLUTANT HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF HAZARD PREDICTION TECHNOLOGY BY QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS. University of Wisconsin, Superior research project report (CR809234) 1984. 

Note pH (within the range of 6.0 to 9.0) BPT incorporates BAT and BCT BPT, best practicable control technology NS, new source performance standards BOD, biochemical oxygen demand TSS, total suspended solids COD, chemical oxygen demand O G, oil and grease BAT, best available technology economically achievable BCT, best conventional pollutant control technology. 

Heukelekian H, Rand MC. 1985. Biochemical oxygen demand of pure organic compounds. J Water Pollut Contr Assoc 29 1040-1053. 

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is one of the most widely determined parameters in managing organic pollution. The conventional BOD test includes a 5-day incubation period, so a more expeditious and reproducible method for assessment of this parameter is required. Trichosporon cutaneum, a microorganism formerly used in waste water treatment, has also been employed to construct a BOD biosensor. The dynamic system where the sensor was implemented consisted of a 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7 saturated with dissolved oxygen which was transferred to a flow-cell at a rate of 1 mL/min. When the current reached a steady-state value, a sample was injected into the flow-cell at 0.2 mL/min. The steady-state current was found to be dependent on the BOD of the sample solution. After the sample was flushed from the flow-cell, the current of the microbial sensor gradually returned to its initial level. The response time of microbial sensors depends on the nature of the sample solution concerned. A linear relationship was foimd between the current difference (i.e. that between the initial and final steady-state currents) and the 5-day BOD assay of the standard solution up to 60 mg/L. The minimum measurable BOD was 3 mg/L. The current was reproducible within 6% of the relative error when a BOD of 40 mg/L was used over 10 experiments [128]. 

The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is an important parameter for waste-water monitoring. It gives information about the biodegradable organic pollution in wastewater. The main disadvantage of the conventional BOD-method is the required extended investigation time, which for example takes five days for... 

BOD Sensor. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) test is one of the most widely used and important tests in the measurement of organic pollution. Since the BOD test measures biodegradable organic compounds in waste waters, it requires a long incubation period (5 days at 20C). Therefore a simple and reproducible method for estimation of 5-day BOD is required for pollution control(17). 

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is arguably the oldest total parameter used for the characterization of water quality. It was introduced in the first decade of the twentieth century as a test for the organic pollution of rivers. BOD is the amount of oxygen in mg L 1 required for the oxidation of the organic matter contained in water by biological action under standardized test conditions (usually a temperature of 20°C and an incubation time of 5 days).8 9 The test is often used to evaluate the efficiency of wastewater treatment processes. 

Heukelekian, H., Rand, M.C. (1955) Biochemical oxygen demand for pure organic compounds. J. Water Pollut. Control Assoc. 29, 1040-1053. 

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) Amount of oxygen used for biochemical oxidation by a unit volume of water at a given temperature and for a given period of time BOD is used for the measurement of degree of water pollution. 

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