Pollution Act

Clean Air Act and its amendments ia 1970, 1977, and 1990 1967 Air Quahty Standards and National Air Pollution Acts and 1970 National Environmental PoHcy Act) (2) better waste disposal practices (1965 SoHd Waste Disposal Act 1976 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) (see Wastes, industrial Waste treatment, hazardous wastes) (i) reduced noise levels (1972 Noise Control Act) (4) improved control of the manufacture and use of toxic materials (1976 Toxic Substances Control Act) and (5) assignment of responsibiUty to manufacturers for product safety (1972 Consumer Product Safety Act) (15,16). 

In 1965 the Water Quahty Act established a new trend in water pollution control. It provided that the states set water quality standards in accordance with federal guidelines. If the states f ed to do so, the standards would be set by the federal government subject to a review hearing. In 1966, the Clean Water Restoration Act transferred the Feder Water Pollution Control Administration from the Department of Health, Education and Welfare to the Department of the Interior. It also gave the Interior Department the responsibility for the Oil Pollution Act. 

SI 1989/1378 The River (Prevention of Pollution) Act 1951 (Continuation of Bylaws) Order... 

The Oil Pollution Act, wliich prohibits the discluirge of oil from any vessel into navigable waters, was passed in 1924. The penalties for violators were the same is those for the Refuse Act of 1899 with one addition tlie Coast Guard had the authority to suspend or revoke licenses held by the officers of vessels found to be in viohition of the act. 

The Oil Pollution Act of 1961 was primarily concerned witli tlie regulation of the deliberate discharge of oil or oil wastes into Uie water. As a result of Uiis act, Uie owners of transport sliips were to take precautions to minimize Ute effect of pollution. Oily ballast water separators were required on ships, and owners Imd to maintain oil record books. Violators of Uie Oil Pollution Act were subject to fines of not more than 1,000 for improper record keeping. 

All the early water legislation addressed Ute issue of pollution, but Ute issue of emergency plamting and response was overlooked. The OH Pollution Act of 1961 and the Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966 leaned toward prevention and response, but Uic efforts fell short of providing meaningful legislation. 

That the authorities have refused unreasonably to accept compliance with alternative requirements or that the requirements of the notice are otherwise unreasonable in character or extent, or are unnecessary. This defense is self-explanatory. The local authorities are only permitted to ask for works that will abate the noise nuisance. Other works (perhaps to comply with legislation) should not be specified in the notice. They may, however, be contained in a letter separate from the notice. An example of this would be where the fitting of acoustic enclosures to food-manufacturing machines breached food hygiene requirements. Readily cleanable enclosures may be a requirement of the Food Hygiene Regulations, but it should not be contained in a Section 58 Control of Pollution Act notice. 

Local authorities are empowered by the Control of Pollution Act 1974 to designate areas as noise-abatement zones. Within these areas noise levels are measured and entered into a register. It is an offence to increase noise levels beyond register levels unless consent is obtained. If the local authorities are of the opinion that existing noise levels are too high, noise-reduction notices can be served. 

In a similar way, an integrated biomarker approach has a role when carrying out experiments in mesocosms. Under these controlled conditions, behavioral effects of neurotoxic pollutants, acting singly or in combination, can be monitored and compared with data on predator-prey relationships and effects at the population level. The employment of mechanistic biomarker assays can facilitate comparisons between results obtained in mesocosms and other data obtained in the field or in laboratory tests. Here is one way of attempting to answer the difficult question— how comparable are mesocosms to the real world ... 

Discharge of trade effluent into a sewer requires a consent from the Sewerage Undertaker under a procedure set out in the Public Health (Drainage of Trade Premises) Act 1961, Control of Pollution Act 1974 and Water Act 1989. The Environmental Protection Act 1990 is also applicable to prescribed processes and substances. 

Control of Pollution Act 1974, 519 Control of Pollution (Amendment) Act 1989, 519 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1999, 1, 12, 112, 119, 137, 141 Control of Waste (Registration of Carriers and Seizure of Vehicles) Regulations 1991, 519 Conversion tables, 543 Copper, 30, 274... 

The Oil Pollution Act of 1924 was the first federal statute prohibiting pollution of waters strictly by oil. As indicated earlier, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) of 1972 provided a comprehensive plan for the cleanup of waters polluted by oil spills and intentional or accidental release of oil into the water. The subsequent laws, including the Clean Water Act of 1977 and with its later amendments, provide for regulation of pollution of waters by oil spills and other forms of discharges. These legislations also incorporate certain provisions of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, which was intended to prevent any obstruction to the use of navigable waters for interstate commerce. 

The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990 streamlined and strengthened the EPA s ability to prevent and respond to catastrophic oil spills. A trust fund financed by a tax on oil is available to clean up spills when the responsible party is incapable or... 

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