Polishing INDEX

FIG. 27 (Top) Schematic representation of chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) process. (From http //www.el.utwente.nl/tdm/mmd/projects/polish/index.html.) (Bottom) Review of tungsten CMP (a) silica (interlayer dielectric) is etched, (b) tungsten is deposited onto silica ILD, and (c) CMP is applied to remove excessive tungsten layer and other levels are built on this level (multilevel metallization). (From Ref. 90.)... 

Zirconium oxide increases the refractive index of some optical glasses, and is used for dispersion hardening of platinum and mthenium. Very fine zirconium oxide has been used for polishing glass but ceria seems to be preferred. 

D and fractional exponent a (Table 15) show that the surface of electrochemically polished Cd electrodes is flat and free from components of pseudo-capacitance. The somewhat higher values of D for electrochemically polished high-index planes and for chemically treated electrodes indicate that the surface of these electrodes is to some extent geometrically and energetically inhomogeneous. However, the surface of chemically treated Cd electrodes, in comparison with the surface of mechanically polished or mechanically cut electrodes, is relatively... 

Spherical rollers were machined from AISI 52100 steel, hardened to a Rockwell hardness of Rc 60 and manually polished with diamond paste to RMS surface roughness of 5 nm. Two glass disks with a different thickness of the silica spacer layer are used. For thin film colorimetric interferometry, a spacer layer about 190 nm thick is employed whereas FECO interferometry requires a thicker spacer layer, approximately 500 nm. In both cases, the layer was deposited by the reactive electron beam evaporation process and it covers the entire underside of the glass disk with the exception of a narrow radial strip. The refractive index of the spacer layer was determined by reflection spectroscopy and its value for a wavelength of 550 nm is 1.47. 

Diamond Precious-stone grinding and polishing Pure carbon High refractive index hardest material on earth... 

The hardness, index of refraction, and transparency of gemstones determine the way they are cut and polished. Since ancient times gemstones have been shaped in two main styles (1) as faceted gems, with many plane polished sides called facets, or (2) as nonfaceted, rounded, and polished gems, known as cabochons. 

If measurements are made in thin oxide films (of thickness less than 5 nm), at highly polished Al, within a small acceptance angle (a < 5°), well-defined additional maxima and minima in excitation (PL) and emission (PL and EL) spectra appear.322 This structure has been explained as a result of interference between monochromatic electromagnetic waves passing directly through the oxide film and EM waves reflected from the Al surface. In a series of papers,318-320 this effect has been explored as a means for precise determination of anodic oxide film thickness (or growth rate), refractive index, porosity, mean range of electron avalanches, transport numbers, etc. 

In order to make a FPI chemical sensor, the FP cavity needs to be made accessible by the analyte molecules. One way to achieve this is to use a holey sleeve to host the cavity. Xiao et al.7 reported such a fiber FPI gas sensor formed by bonding two endface-polished fibers in a holey sleeve using epoxy. The holey sleeve allows gas to freely enter and leave the cavity. A resolution of 10 5 was estimated in monitoring the changes in the refractive index caused by varying the gas composition. However, the sensor assembly was complicated and required the use of epoxy. In addition, the various components used in sensor construction were made of different materials. As a result, the device had a strong dependence on temperature. 

To obtain the three low index surfaces, a polishing jig shown in Fig. 2-8 was made. The jig should be such that the inner shaft should move smoothly in the vertical direction but shoiild not rattle in the shell. It is also required that the guide surface be perpendicular to the direction of the shaft motion. The single crystal was attached on the inner shaft by epoxy resin for orientating and polishing. To obtain either the (111) or (100) surface, the orientation of one of the facets was adjusted to be identical with the guide... 

Highly pure lanthanum oxide is used to make optical glass of high refractive index for camera lenses. It also is used to make glass fibers. The oxide also is used to improve thermal and electrical properties of barium and strontium titanates. Other applications are in glass polishes carbon arc electrodes fluorescent type phosphors and as a diluent for nuclear fuels. In such apph-cations, lanthinum oxide is usually combined with other rare earth oxides. 

Optical Properties. The addition of lanthanum oxide to PZT has a rather remarkable effect on the optical transparency, especially when the amount of lanthanum exceeds seven atom percent. Thin polished plates characteristically transmit about 67% of the incident light. When broadband antireflection coatings are applied to the major surfaces, this transmission is increased to greater than 98%. Surface reflection losses are a function of the index of refraction (n = 2.5) of the PLZT. 

---