Procurement policy

Procurement policy - how the organization will obtain the components and services needed... 

Staff do not work to policies but in fact work in accordance with procedures which themselves direct actions and decisions within the framework of the stated policies. In order to make the decisions required in the procedures, staff will often need to know the company policy on a particular subject, such as procurement, recruitment, release of product, licensing agreements, agreeing design changes, etc. Can they or can they not do something and if so what criteria would they satisfy ... 

Procurement policies regarding goveriuiient purcliase of recycled products, reusable products, and products designed to be recycled... 

Countries nevertheless spell out their policy intentions in their dmg legislation, or incorporate their pharmaceutical policy into national planning documents. For example, Tunisia s national pharmaceutical policy is incorporated into its five-year economic development plan. In Malaysia, dmg legislation and regulations and a system for selection, procurement and distribution of essential dmgs all serve to describe that country s policy regarding the pharmaceutical sector. 

There is a substantially larger literature on government procurement policy. Such policy is distinct from the subsidy-setting mechanisms proposed by the lOM in that procurement is individualized to a particular transaction. The CDC to date has obtained vaccines through a competitive bidding process for specific vaccines. 

In Section VI survey evidence about the response of private investment in R D to changes in economic incentives. Evidence about a number of policies (including R D tax credits, intellectual property, defense procurement, and the Orphan Drug Act) and events suggests that private vaccine development and production is likely to be quite responsive to enhanced incentives (or diminished disincentives), and that expansion of the government s role is likely to crowd out private investment. Conclusions are presented in Section VI. 

Use available and impartial price information Allow price competition in the local market Promote bulk procurement Implement generic policies... 

Glaxo SmithKline, which has maintained also the former Smith Kline French headquarters in Philadelphia, USA, has pioneered the concept of a suppliers day. The purpose of these one-day events is to align vendors with the procurement policy of the company. The statement of the head of Global Supply If you want to remain a supplier to our company, you must commit— in writing—to a 20% reduction of the price of every single product you sell us within the next three years, 7% per year to be precise has left its mark in the hne-chemical industry. 

Third, as the anthrax vaccine experience reveals, both DoD acquisition personnel and the contractors hired by DoD have not always possessed the technical and managerial expertise for working with FDA. Interactions with FDA, especially in licensing-related efforts, involve a complicated three-way relationship among DoD, the private contractor, and FDA. This relationship is quite unlike either the two-way relationship between DoD and defense contractors involved in the procurement of weapon systems or the two-way interaction between FDA and a private drug firm. The policy and operational issues about how to manage these three-way relationships have yet to be worked out. 

In line with reasons developed by Baker and Carapinha, Kinsley Wilson and colleagues also accept the premise that the state is primarily responsible for ensuring access to essential medicines. They suggest that countries should develop a National Drug Policy (NDP) and accompanying implementation plans. Countries need to establish adequate processes as far as the registration, selection, procurement, and distribution of drugs are concerned. 

The following sections follow the framework developed by Cohen, Cercone, and Macaya (2002) to discuss government responsibilities in facilitating a robust pharmaceutical system and access to essential medicines. The discussion begins with national drug policies, followed by responsibilities in registration, selection, procurement, distribution, and service delivery. The discussion concludes with policy considerations. 

Reducing the quantities of raw materials stored would be a policy change. This is easy to implement and would not be capital intensive. Therefore, it would rate the highest. The lowest rated option type is the purchase of new equipment. This is primarily aimed at discouraging procurement of new "treatment" equipment. Shops are encouraged to try to reduce wastes first. Treatment should be a last resort. 

Successful substitution policies have been pursued in Sweden and elsewhere, and it is important that past experiences are taken into account when REACH is implemented, otherwise its stated objective to promote substitution will fail, or at least be limited. The EU Member States must devote political will and resources for effective substitution policies, and information exchanges between relevant authorities and ECHA will be crucial. However, REACH will in any case mainly compel substitution when relevant substitutes are available on the market. Therefore, policies that make advance R D are needed as well. Such policies can involve cooperation between policymakers, industries, universities, research institutes, and other actors as well, and could make use of technology procurement and other relevant policies in order to ensure that companies will be rewarded for green and innovative efforts. 

In this era of international cooperation, there is a need for progressive national policies as well. Successful national policies will eventually influence the EU and international policies. In the EU chemicals policy, there is a drive toward harmonized legal standards. This means that the EU Member States are restricted in their national lawmaking, and should therefore rely also on other instruments, such as procurement policies, in order to drive innovations and promote chemical substitution. 

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