Type of Option

Four types or classes of options are identified. If these four classes are not sufficient to classify all of the options available, add or modify these classes to represent your particular shop s options. This manual is only meant to be a guide to evaluate shops with waste reduction in mind. The four classes are  

P/P Policy/Procedural Change 4 points PM Process Modification = 3 points EM = Equipment Modification 2 points NE New Equipment 1 point 

Reducing the quantities of raw materials stored would be a policy change. This is easy to implement and would not be capital intensive. Therefore, it would rate the highest. The lowest rated option type is the purchase of new equipment. This is primarily aimed at discouraging procurement of new treatment equipment. Shops are encouraged to try to reduce wastes first. Treatment should be a last resort. 

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A table can be prepared summarizing the steps in the design of a plastic product. It would indicate the different types of options that can be used at different stages in the design sequence. It also would indicate the areas of potential high risk failure and the alternative approaches to use under these conditions. Example of a design program approach follows ... 

The four factors that are used in evaluating the options are 1) Waste Reduction Hierarchy (WRH), 2) Implementation Potential (IP), 3) Type of option, and 4) Cost of option. 

These values are determined as the checklist is completed. After completing of the table in Appendix A, transfer the values to these tables for completing the options assessment. The next step in the evaluation process is determining the type of option. For the options scored as "none" or those that have no chance for implementation into your shop, no further evaluation is needed. The next step in the evaluation process is to determine the "type" of option. 

Some bonds include a provision in their offer particulars that gives either the bondholder and/or the issuer an option to enforce early redemption of the bond. The most common type of option embedded in a bond is a call feature. A call provision grants the issuer the right to redeem all or part of the debt before the specified maturity date. An issuing company may wish to include such a feature as it allows it to replace an old bond issue with a lower coupon rate issue if interest rates in the market have declined. As a call feature allows the issuer to change the maturity date of a bond it is considered harmful to the bondholder s interests therefore the market price of the bond at any time will reflect this. A call option is included in all asset-backed securities based on mortgages, for obvious reasons. 

The two most common types of embedded options are call (or prepay) options and put options. As interest rates in the market decline, the issuer may call or prepay the debt obligation prior to the scheduled principal repayment date. The other type of option is a put option. This option gives the investor the right to require the issuer to purchase the bond at a specified price. Below we will examine the price/yield relationship for bonds with both types of embedded options (calls and puts) and implications for price volatility. 

The models analyze spreads as wholes, rather than splitting them into default risk and recovery risk. Das (1999), for example, notes that equation (10.1) can be used to model credit spreads. Credit options can thus be analyzed in the same way as other types of options, modeling the credit spread rather than, say, the interest rate. 

Nowadays the society live in a time where people are increasingly burdened by stress and lack of time. Mostly spend their time sitting and rarely in motion. When looking for ways of active leisure, where they can relax and enjoy, there are several type of options. One of these options is practice of sports, it has countless positive attributes to human. It is important for their personal development, taking care of physical health and to keep fit. People often opt for one of sports that allow us to disconnect from the stress of routine life and that can provide a sense of freedom. One of such sport is surfing. It can be divided into recreational, amateur and professional. This kind of sport, which involve younger and older surfers. 

In this study prepared by COMPOSTO [8] for the Kompostforum Schweiz, various types of options for the collection of organic household waste were compared, among them three bags made from biodegradable materials, one PE bag and finally cleaning of the compost bin instead of the use of a bag. The five options studied are ... 

Process constraints often reduce the number of options that can be considered. Examples of constraints of this type are as follows ... 

Each of the main facility types, e.g. steel jacket, gravity structure, tension leg and floating platform, have different options for decommissioning. The main factors which need to be considered and which will impact on costs are type of construction, size, distance from shore, weather conditions and the complexity of the removal, including all safety aspects. The following options are available ... 

We have seen (Section I) that there are two types of loops that are phase inverting upon completing a round hip an i one and an ip one. A schematic representation of these loops is shown in Figure 10. The other two options, p and i p loops do not contain a conical intersection. Let us assume that A is the reactant, B the desired product, and C the third anchor. In an ip loop, any one of the three reaction may be the phase-inverting one, including the B C one. Thus, the A B reaction may be phase preserving, and still B may be attainable by a photochemical reaction. This is in apparent contradiction with predictions based on the Woodward-Hoffmann rules (see Section Vni). The different options are summarized in Figure 11. 

AMPAC can also be run from a shell or queue system using an ASCII input file. The input file format is easy to use. It consists of a molecular structure defined either with Cartesian coordinates or a Z-matrix and keywords for the type of calculation. The program has a very versatile set of options for including molecular geometry and symmetry constraints. 

There are three steps in carrying out any quantum mechanical calculation in HyperChem. First, prepare a molecule with an appropriate starting geometry. Second, choose a calculation method and its associated (Setup menu) options. Third, choose the type of calculation (single point, geometry optimization, molecular dynamics, Langevin dynamics, Monte Carlo, or vibrational analysis) with the relevant (Compute menu) options. 

Heat/Solvent Recovery. The primary appHcation of heat pipes in the chemical industry is for combustion air preheat on various types of process furnaces which simultaneously increases furnace efficiency and throughput and conserves fuel. Advantages include modular design, isothermal tube temperature eliminating cold corner corrosion, high thermal effectiveness, high reHabiHty and options for removable tubes, alternative materials and arrangements, and replacement or add-on sections for increased performance (see Furnaces, fuel-FIREd). 

The surviving U.S. plants have embraced all types of waste treatment processes (see Wastes treatment, hazardous waste Wastes, industrial). The most desired poUution prevention processes are those which reduce the total amount of waste discharged. Treatment and disposal are less strongly emphasized options. Zero wastewater discharge faciHties and water recycling processes are becoming more common (55,56). 

Various coupling designs are available to transmit torque from the driver, eg, electric motor, to a pump. In order to contain the pumped fluid inside the pump and prevent the pumpage from leaking, several types of sealing methods are used. A few options are described herein. 

Eig. 18. Cost estimate curves for three types of pumps A, chemical end suction ANSI iron option (iron) B, spHt-case between-bearings type (iron) and C,... 

The option of annealing a hot- or cold-roUed stmcture depends on the type of further processing to be appHed. For example, the forces required to... 

The air stream exiting a stripper may requite some type of emissions control, depending on local and regulatory requirements. Carbon adsorption is often used catalytic oxidation is another option. 

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