Procurement policy, government

There is a substantially larger literature on government procurement policy. Such policy is distinct from the subsidy-setting mechanisms proposed by the lOM in that procurement is individualized to a particular transaction. The CDC to date has obtained vaccines through a competitive bidding process for specific vaccines. 

Procurement policies regarding government purchase of recycled products, products designed to be recycled, and reusable products... 

Tax credits and public spending Schemes utilizing tax credits typically offer tax incentives to industriahsts to invest in sustainable and resource-efficient technologies. Public spending is often used to encourage directly specific environmental innovation and to promote relevant research and development. Another facet of this is the deliberate utilization of green procurement policies by local and national governments to drive the market towards sustainable development. 

In Section VI survey evidence about the response of private investment in R D to changes in economic incentives. Evidence about a number of policies (including R D tax credits, intellectual property, defense procurement, and the Orphan Drug Act) and events suggests that private vaccine development and production is likely to be quite responsive to enhanced incentives (or diminished disincentives), and that expansion of the government s role is likely to crowd out private investment. Conclusions are presented in Section VI. 

The following sections follow the framework developed by Cohen, Cercone, and Macaya (2002) to discuss government responsibilities in facilitating a robust pharmaceutical system and access to essential medicines. The discussion begins with national drug policies, followed by responsibilities in registration, selection, procurement, distribution, and service delivery. The discussion concludes with policy considerations. 

The War Department was but one of six major procurement agencies in the government consequently there was need for developing uniform termination procedures for all these agencies. At the request of the President, Bernard Baruch and John Hancock made a study of contract settlement and property disposal matters, which they embodied in their Report on War and Post-War Adjustment Policies (15 February 1944). Congress was meanwhile studying the need for new legislation and passed the Contract Settlement Act of 1944. This act, which pointed out the need for speed, equity, and finality in the settlement of terminated contracts, created an Office of Contraa Setdement with a director empowered to prescribe policies, procedures, and standards on contract settlements. 

Now, these disaggregated linkages need to be substantially and collab-oratively rebuilt, and then sustained in a very open market environment. For this purpose, there is a highly important role for government. Key policy objectives should be to institute and enforce measures to enhance medicines access through public and faith-based facilities in the health sectors within both countries, and to shift procurement incentives towards encouraging purchasing from local suppliers. 

Industrial policy in Brazil generally recognizes the potential of public procurement to promote competition in markets where government demand is significant, such as health. Rules have been defined for the use of public purchasing power, which allow a price preference of up to 25% for purchases from domestic producers, using a method of calculation that takes into account employment and income generation, impact on tax revenues, national development and other factors. ... 

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