Pluripotent ES cells

Meissner, A., Jaenisch, R. (2006). Generation of nuclear transfer-derived pluripotent ES cells from cloned Cdx2-deficient blastocysts. Nature, 439, 212-5. 

In conclusion, our study describes the first estabhshment of pluripotent ES cells from SCNT of a human adult reprogrammed cell and provides the feasibility of using autologous cells in transplant medicine. 

Tlie isolation of pluripotent ES cells opens the way to generate many different tissues and organs for gene and tissue therapies. 

The quality of the FCS is critical to the propagation and maintenance of ES cells. We recommend that several batches be tested for plating efficiency and toxicity from different suppliers for their ability to support growth of pluripotent ES cells, and that then a bulk order of the best (to last approx 1 yr) be purchased, and the... 

Nagaoka, M., Koshimizu, U., Yuasa, S. et al. 2006. E-cadherin-coated plates maintain pluripotent ES cells without colony formation. PLoS One, 1 el5. 

Wernig, M., A. Meissner, R. Foreman et al. 2007. In vitro reprogramming of fibroblasts into a pluripotent ES-cell-like state Nature 448 318-324. 

Erythropoiesis is a process that starts with a pluripotent stem cell in the bone marrow that eventually differentiates into an erythroid colony-forming unit (CFU-E)4 (Fig. 63-1). The development of these cells depends on stimulation from the appropriate growth factors, primarily erythropoietin. Other cytokines involved include granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 3 (IL-3). Eventually, the CFU-Es differentiate into reticulocytes and cross from the bone marrow into the peripheral blood. Finally, these reticulocytes mature into erythrocytes after 1 to 2 days in the bloodstream. Throughout this process, the cells gradually accumulate more hemoglobin and lose their nuclei.4... 

Bieberich E, Silva J, Wang G, Krishnamurthy K, Condie BG. Selective apoptosis of pluripotent mouse and human stem cells by novel ceramide analogues prevents teratoma formation and enriches for neural precursors in ES cell-derived neural transplants. J. Cell Biol. 2004 167 723-734. 

Lippmann ES, Azarin SM, Kay JE, Nessler RA, Wilson HK, Al-Ahmad A, Palecek SP, Shusta EV (2012) Derivation of blood-brain barrier endothelial cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 30(8) 783-791... 

The pluripotency of ES cells can be established traditionally using three different approaches. Mouse ES cells can be retransferred into early mouse embryos where they eventually give rise to all somatic cells of the chimeric embryo, including the germ cells [39]. Such a test cannot be applied to hES for obvious ethical reasons. The second approach relates to the demonstration that ES cells can different -... 

Embryonic stem (ES) cell Karyotypically normal cells derived from a mouse blastocyst ES cells are used to make transgenic mice by serving as pluripotent progenitors. 

Tlie vast possibihties of organs and tissues derived from stern cells or ES cells ar e matched by tlie tremendous demand building up in the population. Erorn the standpoint of patients or patients-to-be, stem cell research holds the promise of delivering health to millions of sufferers. In the USA alone, out of a population of 265 million, an estimated 128 million patients may be helped by human pluripotent stem cell research for afflictions such as cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, osteoporosis, cancer, Alzheimer s disease, Par kinson s disease, severe bums, spinal cord injuries and birth defects. ... 

Stem cells are the precursors of all the other cell types. They are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to form any cell type as well as to replicate into more stem cells. Stem cells are often called progenitor cells because of their ability to differentiate into many cell types. A pluripotent stem cell is one that can give rise to all cell types in an embryo or in an adult. Some cells are called multipotent because they can differentiate into more than one cell type, but not into all cell types. The further from a zygote a cell is in the course of development, the less the potency of the cell type. The use of stem cells, especially embryonic stem (ES) cells, has been an exciting field of research for several years. 

BMP) in combination with LIF sustains self-renewal via the Smad pathway [18], Recent studies have implicated the importance of Wnt-signaling pathways in the maintenance of ES cell pluripotency [19]. Components of the p catenin Wnt-signaling pathway are expressed in ES cells, and it is likely that activation of the Wnt-signaling pathway using a glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3-specific inhibitor (BIO) that maintains the pluripotent state of human ES and mouse ES cells [19] (see Figure 11.2-1). 

The pluripotency of ES cells depends on the balance of various signaling molecules, and thus, such imbalance causes differentiation of ES cells. Many other molecules, such as Genesis [20], Rex-1 [21], Sox2 [22], GBX2 [23], and UTFl [24], have been identified with a potential role in defining pluripotency. 

Differentiation. Pluripotency is one of the defining features of ES cells. The most definitive test of pluripotency of the cells is the formation of chimeras in mice in which the mES cells are injected into the blastocyst. The approach cannot be applied to assess pluripotency of hES cells, therefore, and teratoma formation after injection of embryonic bodies (EBs) of hES cells in vitro into immunocompromised mice is currently used to validate the pluripotency of the established hES cell lines in culture. In the case of mES cells, once differentiation of ES cells has started, the cells representing the primary germ layers spontaneously develop in vitro in the absence of LIF. The culture conditions to form EBs include hanging drops [30], suspension mass culture [31], or the use of methylcellulose [32]. Initially, an outer layer of endoderm-like cells forms within ESs, followed by the development of an ectodermal layer and subsequent specification of mesodermal cells over a period of a few days [33]. The generation of specific functional cell types from hES cells has been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. In fact, with the rapid interest in... 

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