Plastics Statistics

American Chemistry Council, U.S. Resin Production Sales, March (2014), http //www.american chemistry.com/Jobs/EconomicStatistics/Plastics-Statistics/Production-and-Sales-Data-by-Resin. pdf, accessed 11/07/14... 

Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe, Piastics The Facts 2013, http //www.plastics europe.or information-centre/news/latest-news/access-plastics-statistics.aspx, accessed 10/06/14... 

Plastics Statistics, Modern Plastics International, from 1966 to date. 

The statistical weight percent undergoing the high loads In the shear gap is also Important for product loading. The ratio of actual throughput to loaded volume per unit of time is the portion of the plastic statistically exposed to the extreme conditions in the gap. This highly loaded volume per unit of time Is directly proportional to screw speed and independent of throughput. This confirms the expert-... 

The contact fatigue creates independent part of the fatigue tests. As consequence of triaxial state of stress and flexible plastic state in contact area occurrence comes to very considerable scattering of experimental data. From this reason it is necessary to test statistic meaningful number of samples. 

In 1994 in the U.S., recycled PET, HDPE, LDPE, and PS had a 16—46% cost advantage (4). This cost advantage largely disappeared by 1996. Bureau of Labor Statistics data indicate U.S. plastics prices in mid-1997 are seven percent below those of mid-1995 after being more than ten percent less in 1996... 

Production and Sales and Captive Use of Thermosetting and Thermoplastic Resins, Society of the Plastics Industry, Committee on Resiu Statistics, Ernst and... 

Thermosetting unsaturated polyester resins constitute the most common fiber-reinforced composite matrix today. According to the Committee on Resin Statistics of the Society of Plastics Industry (SPl), 454,000 t of unsaturated polyester were used in fiber-reinforced plastics in 1990. These materials are popular because of thek low price, ease of use, and excellent mechanical and chemical resistance properties. Over 227 t of phenoHc resins were used in fiber-reinforced plastics in 1990 (1 3). PhenoHc resins (qv) are used when thek inherent flame retardance, high temperature resistance, or low cost overcome the problems of processing difficulties and lower mechanical properties. 

Society of Plastics Industry, Committee on Resin Statistics, UnsaturatedPolyester B esins 1988—1990. 

Thermosetting and Thermoplastic Resins, year-end monthly or annual statistical reports, the Committee on Resin Statistics of the Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc., Washington, D.C., through 1991. 

Table 1.1 World and USA production of plastics materials (Much of the earlier data are based on long tons later data are in tonnes. The USA figures are based on estimates published in Modern Plastics, apart from those for 1967, which are from US government sources. The global figures are from various sources, with the 1992 figure being based on RAPRA statistics.)...

As with many other plastics materials being manufactured in a large number of countries statistics for capacity and usage are subject to considerable uncertainty. One estimate was that in 1997 capacity for making container grades was about 6000000t.p.a. with consumption at about 4 000 000 t.p.a. 

Once again I should acknowledge that I have drawn heavily from the journals European Plastics News, Kunstojfe, Modern Plastics International and Plastics and Rubber Weekly for data on production and consumption statistics. 

Another important aspect of the fatigue of all materials is the statistical nature of the failure process and the scatter which this can cause in the results. In a particular sample of plastic there is a random distribution of microcracks, internal flaws and localised residual stresses. These defects may arise due to structural imperfections (for example, molecular weight variations) or as a result of the fabrication method used for the material. There is no doubt that failure... 

Antimonious acid H3Sb03 and its salts are less well characterized but a few meta-antimonites and polyantimonites are known, e.g. NaSb02, NaSb305.H20 and Na2Sb407. The oxide itself finds extensive use as a flame retardant in fabrics, paper, paints, plastics, epoxy resins, adhesives and rubbers. The scale of industrial use can be gauged from the US statistics which indicate an annual consumption of Sb203 of some 10000 tonnes in that country. 

Even plastics with fairly linear stress-strain curves to failure, for example short-fiber reinforced TSs (RPs), usually display moduli of rupture values that are higher than the tensile strength obtained in uniaxial tests wood behaves much the same. Qualitatively, this can be explained from statistically considering flaws and fractures and the fracture energy available in flexural samples under a constant rate of deflection as compared to tensile samples under the same load conditions. These differences become less as the... 

These test procedures and standards are subject to change, so it is essential to keep up to date if one has to comply with them. It may be possible to obtain the latest issue on a specific test (such as a simple tensile test or a molecular weight test) by contacting the organization that issued it. For example, the ASTM issues new annual standards that include all changes. Their Annual Books of ASTM Standards contain more than seven thousand standards published in sixty-six volumes that include different materials and products. There are four volumes specifically on plastics 08.01-Plastics 1 08.02-Plastics 11 08.03-Plastics III, and 08.04-Plastic Pipe and Building Products. Other volumes include information on plastics and RPs. The complete ASTM index are listed under different categories for the different products, types of tests (by environment, chemical resistance, etc.), statistical analyses of different test data, and so on (56,128,129). 

There are three different approaches to a thermodynamic theory of continuum that can be distinguished. These approaches differ from each other by the fundamental postulates on which the theory is based. All of them are characterized by the same fundamental requirement that the results should be obtained without having recourse to statistical or kinetic theories. None of these approaches is concerned with the atomic structure of the material. Therefore, they represent a pure phenomenological approach. The principal postulates of the first approach, usually called the classical thermodynamics of irreversible processes, are documented. The principle of local state is assumed to be valid. The equation of entropy balance is assumed to involve a term expressing the entropy production which can be represented as a sum of products of fluxes and forces. This term is zero for a state of equilibrium and positive for an irreversible process. The fluxes are function of forces, not necessarily linear. However, the reciprocity relations concern only coefficients of the linear terms of the series expansions. Using methods of this approach, a thermodynamic description of elastic, rheologic and plastic materials was obtained. 

---