Plasticizer sorbitol

Textiles. Sorbitol sequesters iron and copper ions in strongly alkaline textile bleaching or scouring solutions (see Textiles). In compositions for conferring permanent wash-and-wear properties on cotton fabrics, sorbitol is a scavenger for unreacted formaldehyde (252) and a plasticizer in sod-resistant and sod-release finishes (253). 

Casein proteins were one of the first plastics, and they are still in use for this purpose. Thin plastic films of casein can be made by adding glycerol or sorbitol as a plasticizer, a substance that lowers the temperature at which a plastic softens, and makes it more pliable. 

The acetates of the l,4 3,6-dianhydrohexitols may also be useful as plasticizers both 2,5-diacetyl-l,4 3,6-dianhydro-D-mannitol and the analogous D-sorbitol derivative have been described.97... 

The methyl and ethyl ethers of the dianhydrides have properties which may make them useful as plasticizers. 2,5-Diallyl-dianhydro-sorbitol (XVII) and 2,5-diallyl-dianhydro-mannitol (XVIII) and the corresponding methallyl derivatives polymerize to resinous materials on being heated in oxygen.The allyl derivatives polymerize about five times as fast as the methallyl derivatives, to give products somewhat similar to that obtained by Nichols and Yanovsky by the polymerization of methyl tetraallyl-a-n-glucoside. 

Sorbitol is a hexahydric alcohol that is isomeric with mannitol, and which has been described as a humectant, plasticizer, sweetening agent, and tablet and capsule diluent. It is used extensively in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industries, since it has a sweet taste and approximately 50-60% the sweetness of sucrose. 

In pharmaceutical applications, sorbitol is used as a tablet diluent in wet granulation or dry compression formulations. It is commonly used in chewable tablets because of its sweet taste, and it is also used as a plasticizer for gelatin in capsule formulations. Sorbitol is utilized in sugar-free liquid preparations and as a stabilizer for drug, vitamin, and antacid suspensions. When it is used in syrups, crystallization around bottle caps is prevented. 

Fig. 10ar-e. Time distribution of [3H]PVP and [14C]sorbitol for solutions described in Fig. 5 with the inclusion of trace amounts of [14C]sorbitol in the bottom solution. The boundary was formed in plastic tubes (10 x 60 mm) between solutions of 19 mm in column height. A dense solution of tetra-bromoethane was placed into the bottom part of the tube. The contents of the tube were fractionated at various times by displacement with tetrabromoethane and the distribution of [3H]PVP ( ) and [UC]sorbitol (O) was determined. The position of the original boundary is indicated by a dotted line. The ordinate represents the proportion of the radioactivity (in percent) in the sample, Cv as compared to that originally present below the initial boundary C0. The abscissa represents the ratio of the distance along the tube to the total length of the tube which was approx. 38 mm. The time of the fractionation was a) 11 min, b) 73 min, c) 134 min, d) 251 min, e) 490 min 47)... 

Parabens are approved for use in oral solution and suspensions at a concentration of 0.015% to 0.2% w/v. Due to their low solubility, the sodium salts of parabens are often used in aqueous formulations. The parabens are most effective in the pH range of 2 to 6, and their antimicrobial activity decreases with increasing pH. Additionally, they are very unstable at pH 8 or above in solution. Methyl paraben has also demonstrated incompatibility with sorbitol and may show some discoloration in the presence of iron. The absorption of methylparaben by plastics has been reported with the amount absorbed being dependent upon the type of plastic and vehicle. However, no absorption has been reported for low density polyethylene (LDPE) or high density polyethylene (HDPE) containers. Certain coloring agents such as yellow iron oxide, ultramarine blue, and aluminum silicate can extensively absorb ethyl paraben in simple aqueous systems, thus reducing its preservative efficacy. 

Isosorbide, an l,4 3,6-dianhydrohexitol, is readily obtained from the double dehydration of sorbitol. Amongst other chemical derivatives, diesters and diethers of sorbitol have already found application as solvents or plasticizers. Functionalization of the two alcohols groups attached to the rather rigid V-shaped framework of the two... 

Thermoplastic materials may be obtained by extrusion in the presence of water at temperatures as high as 160-200 °C. If an external plasticizer (i.e., glycerol or sorbitol) is added, the glass transition temperature decreases. Even though these materials are fully biodegradable, their affinity with water is a big inconvenience when they are considered for the replacement of traditional plastic materials. Blends and chemical modifications are required to overcome these problems. 

Starch-PVA films plasticized with glycerol embrittled with age. A study of various polyols was undertaken to identity plasticizers which would reduce this tendency.131 It was demonstrated that sorbitol and glycol glycoside performed well. When sorbitol alone was used, it migrated to the surface and crystallized. When sorbitol and glycerol were used in a 3 1 w/w ratio, the films were stable and showed no evidence of sorbitol crystallization. Substituting plasticizer with PVA did not adversely affect the films when starch was substituted for plasticizer, the films became more susceptible to aging. 

The alkalized paper was soaked in the Kymene/sorbitol solutions for one hour, hung to drain, air dried flat on plastic screen, and then oven dried at 100°C for two hours. Kymene has a pH of 4.6-4.9. To avoid having the Kymene/sorbitol solutions reacidify the paper, they were brought to pH 7 with dilute sodium hydroxide before use. 

Several studies reviewed formulations, barrier properties and possible application of edible protein-based films (Table 23.3) (Gennadios et al. 1994 Krochta and Me Hugh 1997 Torres 1994). Overall, similarly to polysaccharide films, proteins exhibit relatively low moisture barrier properties, two to four times lower than conventional polymeric packaging materials (McHugh and Krochta 1994d). The limited resistance of protein films to water vapour transmission is attributed to their substantial hydro-philicity and to the amounts of plasticizers, such as glycerol and sorbitol, incorpo-... 

TRYLOX Ethoxylated Sorbitols and Ethoxylated Sorbitol Esters are hydrophilic surfactants that function as emulsifiers, dispersants, wetting agents, lubricants, plasticizers, and solubilizers in household, industrial and textile specialty products. The TRYLOX series generally contains structures that are highly efficient oll/solvent emulsifiers, hence they find wide acceptance as major emulsifier components in industrial and textile concentrates. 

The use of sorbitol in enhancing the clarity of urea-formaldehyde resins is described in a patent (30) as is also its use with inorganic materials to form useful plastics (31). A dianhydride of sorbitol is described as a humectant for tobacco (34). The main industrial studies of Goepp were concerned with the use of sorbitol and D-mannitol in the manufacture of resins of the ester gum (esters with rosin acids) or alkyd (linseed oil-phthalic anhydride-hexitol) types (32, 14). It was shown that in the preparation of these polyesters the behavior of the hexitols is... 

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