Ultramarine blue

This is the synthetic version of the first natural blue pigment used by humans, derived from grinding the mineral lapis lazuli. It is produced by calcining a mixture of china clay, feldspar, anhydrous sodium carbonate, sulfur, and reducing agents such as oil, pitch or coal at 800 °C. Chemically, the pigment is a sodium aluminum sulfosilicate with a zeolite-like crystal matrix. The warm blue color comes from incorporation of sodium and sulfur in the crystal matrix. 

---

Ultramarine Pigments. Ultramarines are derived from lazurite [1302-85-8] (lapis lazuli), a semiprecious stone, which was the natural source of ultramarine blue for hundreds of years. Ultramarines can be prepared in many shades. Examples of commercially significant ones ate ultramarine blue, ultramarine violet, and ultramarine pink. The ultramarine pigment having a green shade can also be prepared but it is not commercially available. The first German patent issued in 1877 was for the manufacture of ultramarine red (42). 

Ultramarine blues are prepared by a high temperature reaction of intimate mixtures of china clay, sodium carbonate, sulfur, siHca, sodium sulfate, and a carbonaceous reducing agent, eg, charcoal, pitch, or rosin. 

The basic product of the ignition is Ultramarine Green. This is converted iato Ultramarine Blue by further heat treatment ia the preseace of sulfur, or iato Ultramarine Violet by heating with 5% ammonium chloride for four days at 200—250°C. Ultramarine Violet is converted into Ultramarine Red by treating it with gaseous hydrochloric acid at 70—200°C for four hours or by reaction with gaseous nitric acid at higher temperatures. 

Ultramarine Blue is used in salt iatended for animal feed (<0.5% w/w). AH ultramarines are used in the cosmetic field in such products as mascara, eyebrow pencils, and soaps. 

Formerly derived from the natural mineral lapis lazuli, ultramarine blue pigments have, for more than a century, been manufactured synthetically. The materials used in the manufacture of ultramarines are china clay (a hydrated aluminosilicate), sodium carbonate, silica, sulfur and a carbonaceous reducing material such as coal tar pitch. For the manufacture of the blue pigments, the blend of ingredients is heated to a temperature of 750 800 °C over a period of 50-100 h, and the reaction... 

Gallery (London). The sample contained white lead and ultramarine blue pigments Sample collected from a painting on copper leaf by F. Boucher, dated 1 750, containing 1.8 1.0 0.3 31.0 [9]... 

Brookfield, Ct., SPE, 2004, p.51-9, CD-ROM, 012 GOING GREEN WITH ULTRAMARINE BLUE... 

The pigment ultramarine blue is examined with respect to its environmental impacts, health hazards and safety. 

In exterior exposure, PS yellows somewhat, due to UV radiation. In order to shield the plastic from degradation in UV light, it is also supplied in combination with UV absorbents. This prolongs the lifetime of the products by a factor of three to five. Grades which contain UV absorbents are slightly yellowish, a fault which may be corrected by adding transparent blue colorants such as soluble dyes or Ultramarine Blue [36]. 

Ultramarine blue Salt for animal feed up to 0.5//5 by weight NL None... 

Obviously, in solution, 83 is not stable against oxidation. It is stable in the mineral lapis lazuli, and the industrial ultramarine blue pigment [28]. In these materials, the radical 83 is encapsulated in the -cages of the sodalite structure, which protects it against oxidation. In ultramarine pigments, another radical anion polysulfide, 82 , has been observed. 

Methylparaben, Propylparaben preservative magnesium trisilicate, talc, tragacanth, sodium alginate, essential oils, sorbitol and atropine, yellow iron oxide, and ultramarine blue... 

Parabens are approved for use in oral solution and suspensions at a concentration of 0.015% to 0.2% w/v. Due to their low solubility, the sodium salts of parabens are often used in aqueous formulations. The parabens are most effective in the pH range of 2 to 6, and their antimicrobial activity decreases with increasing pH. Additionally, they are very unstable at pH 8 or above in solution. Methyl paraben has also demonstrated incompatibility with sorbitol and may show some discoloration in the presence of iron. The absorption of methylparaben by plastics has been reported with the amount absorbed being dependent upon the type of plastic and vehicle. However, no absorption has been reported for low density polyethylene (LDPE) or high density polyethylene (HDPE) containers. Certain coloring agents such as yellow iron oxide, ultramarine blue, and aluminum silicate can extensively absorb ethyl paraben in simple aqueous systems, thus reducing its preservative efficacy. 

Blue ultramarine-blue from over the sea - is the name which European artists of the Middle Ages gave to the pigment derived from lapis lazuli, a semiprecious stone imported mainly from Afghanistan. Ultramarine was the supreme blue of medieval times, but eventually it became scarce and very expensive. 

In many applications ultramarine blue is stable to around 400 °C, violet to 250 °C, and pink to 200 °C. All have excellent lightfastness with a 7-8 rating (full and... 

Anotherdaxs of framework aluminosilicates is the ultramarines They arc characterized by an open framework and intense colors. They differ from the previous examples by having "free" oruons and no water in the cavities. Ultramarine blue, which is the synthetic equivalent of the mineral lapis lazuli, contains radical unions. 

Exempt colors do not have to undergo formal FDA certification requirements, hut are monitored for purity. The colorants exempt from FD C certification are annatto extract, /i-carolene, beet powder, 0-apo—8 -carntenol. canlhaxanthin. caramel, carmine, carrot oil. cochineal extract, cottonseed Hour, ferrous gluconate, fruit juices, grape skin extract, paprika, paprika oleoresin. riboflavin, saffron, titanium dioxide, turmeric, turmeric oleoresin. ultramarine blue, and vegetable juices. See also Colorants (Foods). 

Smoke shells and rockets are used to produce smoke clouds for military signaling and, in daylight fireworks, for ornamental effects. The shell case or rocket head is filled with a fine powder of the desired color, which powdered material need not necessarily be one which will tolerate heat, and this is dispersed in the form of a colored cloud by the explosion of a small bag of gunpowder placed as near to its center as may be. Artificial vermilion (red), ultramarine (blue), Paris green, chrome yellow, chalk, and ivory black are among the materials which have been used, but almost any material which has a bright color when powdered and which does not cake together may be employed. 

Nail polish consists of flexible lacquers, pigments such as organic dyes, iron or chromium oxides, and ultramarine blue along with drying agents and binders or vehicles such as ethyl acetate that evaporate on drying. Nail polish remover is usually an organic solvent such as acetone or ethyl acetate. 

Ultramarine blue has poor opacity but high tinting strength, high heat resistance, and good alkali resistance. It is primarily used as a tinting color, and when added to whites makes them look whiter by giving them a bluish cast. 

Ultramarine Blues, Violets, and Pinks. Ultramarine pigments are noted for their rich colors, moderate heat stability, chemical resistance, bleed resistance, opacity, weatherability, and attractive economics. They are known to be sensitive to an acidic environment, which may have some effect on their utility. Ultramarine pigments are some of the very old and venerated colorants since they were originally naturally occurring materials, mainly in Middle Eastern countries. Sodium is a constituent of ultramarine pigments, which makes it unique as sodium does not usually appear as a component of color pigments. 

Violet and red ultramarines are produced by treating the ultramarine blue with hydrogen chloride or chlorine gas at 255-260°C or reacting the blue with ammonium chloride. The intensity of the red or violet depends upon concentrations of the reactants and time-temperature durations. 

Ultramarine blues, reds and violets are acid sensitive. As such, their thermal and weathering properties are adversely affected in acidic media. Silica-encapsulated versions offer marked improvement in thermal stability and some improvement in weathering properties. The treated versions allow broad polymer usage, even in engineering plastics such as polycarbonate, and provide sufficient durability for automotive interior applications. Weatherability is highly dependent upon the degree of exposure to acid or alkaline conditions. 

Ultramarine blue is a particularly effective alternative to phthalocyanine blue in HDPE, where phthalo s warping tendencies limit its use, and in ABS and engi-... 

An increasing number of colored inorganic pigments are FDA-compliant. Historically, yellow iron oxide, red iron oxide, black iron oxide, zinc ferrite, burnt umber, raw and burnt sienna, channel carbon black, chromium oxide green, ultramarine blue, cobalt blue and copper chrome black have enjoyed FDA—compliant status, under 21 CFR 178.3297, Colorants for Polymers . More recently, the FDA has been successfully petitioned with regard to nickel titanium yellow, chrome titanium yellow, and cobalt green under 21 CFR 170.39, Threshold of Regulation for Substances Used in Food-Contact Articles . 

---