Plasma INDEX

Picosecond pedestal, 143 Pin-hole camera, 128 Plasma channels, 112, 147, 148 Plasma defocusing, 84, 91 Plasma frequency, 166 Plasma index of refraction, 147 Plasma mirror (PM) technique, 194 Plasma wakefield acceleration, 172 Plasma wavelength, 166 Plasma-induced effects, 83 Polarization, 97 Polarization control, 87 Ponderomotive force, 170 Population inversions, 19 Post-irradiation spectroscopy, 156 Pre-pulse, 143 Propagation, 81 Protein, 102 Pump depletion, 151... 

The major use of vinylpyrrohdinone is as a monomer in manufacture of poly(vinylpyrrohdinone) (PVP) homopolymer and in various copolymers, where it frequendy imparts hydrophilic properties. When PVP was first produced, its principal use was as a blood plasma substitute and extender, a use no longer sanctioned. These polymers are used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic appHcations, soft contact lenses, and viscosity index improvers. The monomer serves as a component in radiation-cured polymer compositions, serving as a reactive diluent that reduces viscosity and increases cross-linking rates (see... 

Glaze coatings (58) are appHed to dry or bisque-fired clay ceramics to form a strong, impermeable surface that is aesthetically pleasing. Protective ceramic coatings can also be deposited by CVD (68,90). Plasma activated CVD has been used extensively to produce diamond and diamondlike films. Diamond films can also be used to make optical coatings with a tailored refractive index. 

LIPOPROTEINS. Blood plasma lipoproteins are prominent examples of the class of proteins conjugated with lipid. The plasma lipoproteins function primarily in the transport of lipids to sites of active membrane synthesis. Serum levels of low density lipoproteins (LDLs) are often used as a clinical index of susceptibility to vascular disease. 

A similar deposition system uses a plasma which is produced by a traveling microwave cavity. No other source of heat is required. The deposition system is shown schematically in Fig. 16.12. The reactants are the same as in the thermal CVD process. Pressure is maintained at approximately 1 Torr. In this case, the deposition occurs at lower temperature, no soot is formed and a compact glass is produced directly. A main advantage of this method is the more accurate grading of the refractive index of the cladding material. 

Inside" processes—such as modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) and plasma chemical vapor deposition (PCVD)—deposit doped silica on the interior surface of a fused silica tube. In MCVD, the oxidation of the halide reactants is initiated by a flame that heats the outside of the tube (Figure 4.8). In PCVD, the reaction is initiated by a microwave plasma. More than a hundred different layers with different refractive indexes (a function of glass composition) may be deposited by either process before the tube is collapsed to form a glass rod. 

Following massive crush injury, myoglobin released from damaged muscle fibers colors the urine dark red. Myoglobin can be detected in plasma following a myocardial infarction, but assay of serum enzymes (see Chapter 7) provides a more sensitive index of myocardial injury. 

Ferritin is another protein that is important in the metabolism of iron. Under normal conditions, it stores iron that can be called upon for use as conditions require. In conditions of excess iron (eg, hemochromatosis), body stores of iron are greatly increased and much more ferritin is present in the tissues, such as the liver and spleen. Ferritin contains approximately 23% iron, and apoferritin (the protein moiety free of iron) has a molecular mass of approximately 440 kDa. Ferritin is composed of 24 subunits of 18.5 kDa, which surround in a micellar form some 3000-4500 ferric atoms. Normally, there is a little ferritin in human plasma. However, in patients with excess iron, the amount of ferritin in plasma is markedly elevated. The amount of ferritin in plasma can be conveniently measured by a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay and serves as an index of body iron stores. 

The Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of danaparoid in 1281 patients within 24 hours of onset of acute ischemic stroke. A three-stage dosage regime was used to achieve plasma anti-factor Xa activity of 0.8 unit/mL. Favorable outcome was defined as the combination of a Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score of 1 or 2 and a modified Barthel Index (BI) score of 12 or greater (on a scale of 0-20) at 3 months or 7 days. Very favorable outcome required the combination of a GOS score of 1 and a Barthel Index (BI) score of 19 or 20 at 3 months or 7 days. 

In this Section we want to present one of the fingerprints of noble-metal cluster formation, that is the development of a well-defined absorption band in the visible or near UV spectrum which is called the surface plasma resonance (SPR) absorption. SPR is typical of s-type metals like noble and alkali metals and it is due to a collective excitation of the delocalized conduction electrons confined within the cluster volume [15]. The theory developed by G. Mie in 1908 [22], for spherical non-interacting nanoparticles of radius R embedded in a non-absorbing medium with dielectric constant s i (i.e. with a refractive index n = Sm ) gives the extinction cross-section a(o),R) in the dipolar approximation as ... 

Figure 6. Absorption spectra of spherical non-interacting nanoclusters embedded in no absorbing matrices (a) effect of the size for Ag nanoclusters in silica (b) effect of the matrix for R = 2.5 nm Au clusters (the refractive index n = and the position of the plasma resonance are reported for each considered matrix) (c) effect of the cluster composition for i = 5 nm noble-metal clusters (Ag, Au, Cu) in silica. (Reprinted from Ref [1], 2005, with permission from Italian Physical Society.)...

Curello, S., Ceconi, C.. Cargnoni, A., Connacchian, A., Ferrari, R. and Albertini, A. (1987). Improved procedure for determining glutathione in plasma as an index of myocardial oxidative stress. Clin. Chem. 33, 1448-1449. 

FIG. 44. Plasma parameters as deduced from the lEDs and material properties as a function of power delivered to the SiHa-Ar discharge at an excitation frequency of 50 MHz and a pressure of 0.4 mbar (a) the plasma potential Vp (circles) and dc self bias (triangles), (b) the sheath thickness d, (c) the maximum ion flux r ax. (d) the growth rate r,/. (e) the microstructure parameter R. and (f) the refractive index ni ev- (Compiled from E. A. G. Hamers. Ph.D. Thesis, Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. 1998.)... 

The increase in the deposition rate rj (Fig. 63d) corresponds to the increase in the ion flux (Fig. 63c) the fraction of arriving ions per deposited atom, / ,, is constant at about 0.25. Such observations have also been reported by Heintze and Zedlitz [236], who furthermore suggested that the deposition rate may well be controlled by tbe ion flux. The kinetic ion energy per deposited atom, max, is also constant and amounts to about 5 eV. As was shown in Section 1.6.2.3, the material quality as reflected in the refractive index 2 eV (Fig. 63e) and the microstructure parameter R (Fig. 63f) is good 2 cv is around 4.25, and R is low (<0.1). The depletion of the silane stays constant at a value of 4.0 0.4 seem in this frequency range. The partial pressures of silane, hydrogen, disilane (1.3 x 10 - mbar), and trisilane (2 x 10 mbar) in the plasma are also independent of frequency. Similar... 

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) The volume of plasma that is filtered by the glomerulus per unit time, usually expressed as mL/minute or mL/minute/1.73 m2, which adjusts the value for body surface area. GFR is the primary index used to describe overall renal function. 

It has been shown that CGRP is released into the circulation during the development of human sepsis and septic shock (A8). Plasma CGRP levels correlated with the APACHE II score as well as with cardiac index and systemic vascular re-sistence index. There is also a relationship between the initial plasma CGRP levels and the severity of the disease at the time of admission to the ICU. Plasma CGRP levels are related to the hemodynamic changes seen early in septic shock. 

Figure 10. Tomographic representations of the refractive index profiles of telecommunications fibres prepared by plasma techniques. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 16, Copyright 1985, IUPAC).

---