Plaques multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis The 150-kDa calpain specific degradation product of a-spectrin increases 50% in human MS plaques.44 Degradation of the 68-kDa neurofilament protein is inhibited by a synthetic calpain inhibitor45... 

Franklin RJ (2002) Why does remyehnation fail in multiple sclerosis Nat Rev Neurosci 3 705-714 Fratkin JD, Leis AA, Stokic DS, Slavinski SA, Geiss RW (2004) Spinal cord neuropathology in human West Nile virus infection. Arch Pathol Lab Med 128 533-537 Frohman EM, Racke MK, Raine CS (2006) Multiple sclerosis - the plaque and its pathogenesis. N Engl J Med 354 942-955... 

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is variable in terms of symptoms and presentation. The name refers to two features of the disease multiple describes the number of CNS lesions and sclerosis refers to the demyelinated lesions. Today, these lesions are usually called plaques, rather than scleroses. Although scientific understanding of MS has progressed at a rapid pace, there are still many areas of evolving knowledge. 

Brain lesions that produce depression can be divided into structural and biochemical types. Any disease that produces a mass lesion or deficit in the frontal lobes can cause a depressive syndrome. Typically, occurrence and severity are correlated with proximity to the tip of the frontal lobe rather than to the extent of motor function loss. The most extensively studied lesions are strokes, but tumors and plaques related to multiple sclerosis can both produce similar results. 

Hill K. E., Zollinger L. V., Watt H. E., Carlson N. G., and Rose J. W. (2004). Inducible nitric oxide synthase in chronic active multiple sclerosis plaques distribution, cellular expression and association with myelin damage. J. Neuroimmunol. 151 171-179. 

Our new method of sphingolipid analysis using high performance liquid chromatography allows us to determine not only their quantities but also their homolog compositions in a small amount of tissue. We now feel that less than 1 mg of fresh brain or nerve tissue is sufficient for complete analysis. The application of this new method for analyzing cerebroside and sulfatide-in plaques of brain from a patient with multiple sclerosis has been recently described (15). 

Zeinstra E, Wilczak N, Streefland C, De Keyser J (2000) Astrocytes in chronic active multiple sclerosis plaques express MHC class II molecules. Neuroreport 11 89-91. 

Tajouri L, Mellick AS, Tourtellotte A, Nagra RM, Griffiths LR. An examination of MS candidate genes identified as differentially regulated in multiple sclerosis plaque tissue, using absolute and comparative real-time Q-PCR analysis. Brain Res Brain Res Protoc 2005 15(2) 79—91. 

The breakdown and dissolution of myelin in multiple sclerosis also may be related to muscular dystrophy and emphysema. Multiple sclerosis has been attributed to the action of proteases, some of which are highly elevated in and around the plaques of multiple sclerosis (19). Again, the proteases responsible and their natural inhibitors are not known. 

The precise meaning of the term multiple sclerosis is many scars. The words themselves do not indicate that the scars are even in the nervous system, let alone in myelin. The British terminology, disseminated sclerosis, is no more descriptive. Charcot, who first distinguished this condition from other disorders of the nervous system including syphilis, coined the slightly more precise French term, sclerose en plaque. ... 

Li H, Newcombe J, GroomeNP, Cuzner ML (1993) Characteiizarion and distriburion of phagocyric macrophages in multiple sclerosis plaques. Neuropadiol Appl Neurobiol 19 214—223. 

Prineas JW, Kwon EE, Clio ES, Shai er LR (1984) Continual breakdown and regeneration of myelin in progressive multiple sclerosis plaques. Ann N Y Acad Sci 436 11—32. 

Frohman EM, Racke MK, Raine CS (2006a) Multiple sclerosis—the plaque and its pathogenesis. N Engl J Med 354 942-955. 

MR spectroscopy is used extensively in clinical practice to help differentiate tumor from non-tumor lesions in the brain. The Cho/Cr and NAA/Cho ratios can be utilized to help accomplish this task (Poptani et al., 1995 Moller-Hartmann et al., 2002). Increased Cho/Cr and decreased NAA/Cho are positive inidications of a brain tumor (Poptani et al., 1995 Moller-Hartmann et al., 2002). The lipid and lactate peaks are more variable in tumor and non-tumor lesions but can also aid in tumor diagnosis. There are a number of disease processes, such as multiple sclerosis plaques, that cannot always be differentiated by spectroscopy from a brain tumor. 

Atalay K, Diren HB, Gelmez S, Incesu L, Terzi M (2005) The effectiveness of magnetization transfer technique in the evaluation of acute plaques in the central nervous system of multiple sclerosis patients and its correlation with the clinical findings. Diagn Interv Radiol 11 137-141. 

Simone IL, TortoreUa C, Federico F, Liguori M, Lucivero V, Giannini P, Carrara D, BeUacosa A Livrea P (2001) Axonal damage in multiple sclerosis plaques A combined magnetic resonance imaging and 1 H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. J Neurol Sci 182 143-150. 

The classic example of demyelination of the CNS is multiple sclerosis (MS), in which a chronic inflammatory lesion is characterised by a sharply demarcated plaque containing preserved axons denuded of myelin. Demyelination also occurs in infectious diseases such as progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy and acute disseminated leucoencephalitis, but it is the disseminated focal form of MS that will be addressed in this review article. 

McCallum, K., Esiri, M., Tourtellotte, W. W., and Booss, J., T cell subset in multiple sclerosis gradient at plaque borders and differences in non-plaque regions, Brain, 110, 1297, 1987. 

Prineas, J. W. and Connell, F., The fine structure of chronically active multiple sclerosis plaques, Neurology, 28, 68, 1978. 

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects between 250,000 and 350,000 persons in the United States. It is one of the major causes of neurologic disability in young and middle-aged adults. The term multiple sclerosis refers to two characteristics of the disease the numerous affected areas of the brain and spinal cord producing multiple neurologic symptoms that accrue over time and the characteristic plaques or sclerosed areas that are the hallmark of the disease. 

Challoner PB, Smith KT, Parker JD, et al. Plaque-associated expression of human herpesvirus 6 in multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995 92 7440-7444. 

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