Axonal damage

While direct infection of the nenrons by HIV is not likely to be an important mechanism of nenrotoxicity (Pardo et al. 2001), there is a complex interplay of HIV envelope glycoprotein gpl20 nenrotoxicity and other immunopathogenic factors in the mechanisms of axonal or nenronal injury (Hoke and Comblath 2004). HIV infection most likely canses DRG cell body and axonal damage via different mechanisms of injnry in each structure (Hahn et al. 2008). 

O Reilly, C.M., Fogarty, K. E., Drummond, R. M., Tuft, R. A., and Walsh, J. V., Jr., 2003, Quantitative analysis of spontaneous mitochondrial depolarizations, Biophys. J. 85, pp. 3350-3357 Okonkwo, D.O., Buki, A., Siman, R., and Povlishock, J. T., 1999, Cyclosporin A limits calcium-induced axonal damage following traumatic brain injury, Neuroreport 10, pp. 353—358 Okonkwo, D.O. and Povlishock, J. T., 1999, An intrathecal bolus of cyclosporin A before injury preserves mitochondrial integrity and attenuates axonal disruption in traumatic brain injury, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 19, pp. M3 151... 

KoizumiH. and PovlishockJ.T. (1998) Posttraumatic hypothermiain the treatment of axonal damage in an animal model of traumatic axonal injury. J. Neurosurg. 89, 303-309. 

Suehiro E., Singleton R. H., Stone J. R., and Povlishock J. T. (2001) The immunophilin ligand FK506 attenuates the axonal damage associated with rapid rewarming following posttraumatic hypothermia. Exp. Neurol. 172,199-210. 

Buki A., Okonkwo D. O., and Povlishock J. T. (1999) Postinjury cyclosporin A administration limits axonal damage and disconnection in traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 16, 511-521. 

Erb D. E. and Povlishock J. T. (1988) Axonal damage in severe traumatic brain injury an experimental study in cat. Acta Neuropathol. 76, 347-358. 

Axonal damage secondary to myelin loss is a major cause of sensory, motor, and cognitive disabilities in adult MS (Bjartmar and Trapp, 2001). The lack of myelin recovery may be due primarily to deficiency in the genesis of OPCs and in their maturation in the adult CNS (Franklin, 2002 Stangel and Hartung, 2002). Limited myelin regeneration is observed in early demyelinating lesions in MS (Wolswijk,... 

Kulilmaim T, Lingfeld G, Bitsch A, Schuchai dt J, Bruck W (2002) Acute axonal damage in muldple sclerosis is most extensive in eai ly disease stages and decreases over rime. Brain 125 2202— 2212. 

Keywords Autoandbodies Axonal damage Chronic inflammatory neuropathy Gangliosides Guillain-Barre syndrome Immune neuropathy MyeHn Nerve conducdon Neurids Neurotrophin... 

Describe the key iimnunological factors contributing to axonal damage in GBS and CIDP. 

Figure 20.2. Proposed patliogenesis in acute motor axonal neuropatliy (AM AN) In AM AN tliere is primaiy axonal injury witliout T-cell inflammation and demyelination. Deposition of autoantibodies and complement on tlie axolemma is followed by sti uctural axonal injui y or alteration of axon conduction. Macrophages witliin die periaxonal space contribute to die axonal damage (B B-cell MO Macrophage, C5b-9 complement factors).

De Stefano N, Narayanan S, Francis GS, Armaoutelis R, Tartagia MC, Anteil JP, Matthews PM, Arnold DL (2001) Evidence of axonal damage in the early stages of multiple sclerosis and its relevance to disability. Arch Neurol 58 65—70. 

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