Plaque size

In Apo E-deficient animals fed a normal chow diet, fatty streaks are first observed in the proximal aorta at 10 to 12 weeks (15). The xanthoma that forms in the intima contains foam cells and is often called the early atherosclerotic lesion and is critically dependent on monocytes. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) arrive in the intima at approximately 15 weeks and form a fibrous cap around 20 weeks (16). By 36 weeks, lumen narrowing occurs in the external branches of the carotid artery (incidence -75%), but the lumen size is maintained in the aorta. Lumen narrowing, or stenosis, does not correlate with plaque size but... 

Passaged virus can be plaqued under concentrations of drug known to inhibit the plaque size of the parent virus. Larger plaques can be picked as potential resistant variants. 

Lull ME, Levesque S, Surace MJ, Block ML (2011) Chronic apocynin treatment attenuates Beta amyloid plaque size and microglial number in hAPP(751)(SL) mice. PLoS One 6 e20153. doi 10.1371/journal.pone.0020153... 

A potential role of SR-As in atherosclerotic plaque development was initially reported in a study on apo E and SR-A double-knockout mice. Mice deficient in apo E developed severe plaques, but simultaneous absence of SR-A led to a reduction in plaque size by 58%. This reduction may be related to the greatly reduced uptake of acetylated LDL and... 

Aaskov et al (16) Soden et al (18) 1985 2000 Yes, 2/4 patients by IFA (2 days) Yes, 2/12 positive for RRV RNA by RT-PCR (5 weeks) Not examined (serum) Monocyte / macrophage + lymphocytes (biopsy tissue from inflamed knee joints) Virus isolates phenotypically diverse (plaque size variation on Vero cells) CD4+ were predominant T-cell degenerate virus in joint tissue may not have been detected by RT-PCR... 

The enterovirus, echovirus 6, shows a unique type of restriction. Echovirus 6 exists as two plaque size variants - a... 

Asbestos (anthophyllite, tremolite-actinolite, amosite, crocidolite, chrysotile), nonasbestos fibres Analytical electron microscopy of 50 lung tissue samples from Matsubase, where pleural plaques are endemic Number of asbestos bodies and fibres/ 5 g wet lung tissue frequency of pleural plaques size parameter of fibres Dy mineral type Anthophyllite (mean length 25.1 n, mean diameter 0.84 (un) might be responsible for the increased prevalence of pleural plaques in Matsubase. The aspect ratio of anthophyllite (mean = 38.7) was lower than that of amosite (mean = 81.8), which, as reported hy Murai and Kitagawa (1992), was found predominantly in cases of pleural mesothelioma. Murai et al. (1997) Differences in fibre size may be related to the strength of the carcinogenicity to the pleura. 

Patients are usually given a preliminary diagnosis of Peyronie s disease when they present with classic symptoms of the disease penile mass, curvature, or pain. Objectively, clinicians may measure penile length, plaque size, penile curvature, and possibly induce an artificial erection in clinic with vasoactive intracorporal injections. Various imaging modalities have also been used (Andresen et al. 1998) ... 

Potassium para-aminobenzoate (POTOBA) is an antifibrotic agent that has been used in a variety of disease states, and at least one placebo controlled study demonstrated superiority in terms of decreased plaque size with treatment (Weidner et al. 2005). However, the medication is very difficult to take, with a poor taste and the potential for gastrointestinal side effects. 

Pentoxifylline has been used in humans in a variety of inflammatory and fibrotic conditions. The mechanism is not fully known pentoxifylline blocks the TGF-beta 1-mediated pathway of inflammation, prevents deposition of collagen type I, and acts as a non-specific PDE inhibitor. Valente et al. (2003) have demonstrated that both sildenafil and pentoxifylline reduce the plaque size in tunical fibrosis induced by injection of transforming growth factor (TGF) beta-1. Encouraged by pentoxifylline s observed suppression of collagen production in Peyronie s cells in tissue culture as well as its efficacy in other human fibrotic disorders, we have been offering patients treatment with pentoxifylline as an option for Peyronie s disease since 2002 (unpublished data). 

Interferon alpha-2b has also been given as an intralesional injection. Uncontrolled studies have had mixed results, but at least one controlled trial showed improvement in curvature, plaque size, pain, and blood flow (Dang et al. 2004 Hellstrom et al. 2006). Unfortunately, the injections are expensive and can cause flu-like symptoms. 

Plaque size and location, degree, and direction of the penile curvature (dorsal, ventral, lateral, or some combination) present a considerable concern when deciding on intervention. 

Plasmin, generated by macrophage-secreted u-PA, activates pro-MMP-3 produced by accumulated macrophages. MMP-3 activity may then contribute to a reduction of plaque size, possibly by degradation of matrix components, and promote aneurysm formation by degradation of the elastica lamina (538). 

Notes Water absorption is measured according to ISO 62 using a plaque size 50 mm X 50 mm x 3 mm. If any other size is used, the volume pick-up needs to be converted to mass pick-up using the formula m = pV. Varying exposure times could also lead to different values. 

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