Potential for resistance

Response rates are lower for non-albicans infections. Although an optimal regimen is unknown, use of intravaginal azole therapy for 7 to 14 days is recommended. Terconazole may prove more effective than other azoles in the treatment of non-albicans infections since C. glabrata and C. tropicalis are more susceptible to terconazole.17 For second-line therapy, boric acid 600 mg in a gelatin capsule administered vaginally twice daily for 2 weeks followed by once daily during menstruation is effective.18 Local irritation often limits the use of boric acid. Topical 4% flucytosine is also effective but use should be limited due to the potential for resistance. 

A newer class of insecticides is the pyrethroids. These are synthetic derivatives of pyrethrins, which are natural extracts from chrysanthemums. Pyrethroids have been developed to be more stable (and thus more effective as insecticides) than the pyrethrins, which are particularly instable in light. Pyrethroids are frequently used as broad-spectrum insecticides. They have high insect toxicity, but lower mammalian toxicity than their organophosphate or carbamate counterparts. Pyrethroids are still limited in effectiveness due to their environmental lability, their high cost, and their potential for resistance development. 

Krishna S, Uhlemann AC, Hayes RK. (2004) Artemisinins Mechanisms of action and potential for resistance. Drug Resistance Updates 7 233-244. 

Broad spectrum, 4th generation cephalosporin demonstrating a low potential for resistance due to lack of p-lactamase induction and low potential for selection of resistant mutant strains as effective as ceftazidime and cefotaxime in comparative trials twice daily dosing may add economic advantage... 

Because of their widespread use in the American workplace, butyl rubber, nitrile latex, neoprene latex, poly(vinyl alcohol), surgical rubber latex, and Viton elastomer were chosen for the present studies. The composite/bonded substances of this study were not in all cases presently available as commercial material for protective garments, but rather were chosen to determine their potential for resistance to solvent permeation. Likewise, Teflon gloves were included in these studies simply because they are commercially available. 

Potential for Resistance. Resistance appears to be the major potential obstacle to optimal use of many of the new fungicides. It is clear from the experiences with triazole resistance in powdery mildew... 

Table VIII shows some interesting trends in the first occurrences of herbicide resistant biotypes. Not only are herbicide resistant weeds appearing after fewer repeat annual applications of some of the newer herbicides (e.g., 4 to 5 years of treatment with sulfonylures herbicides), but there seem to be more species that have potential for resistance, as shown by the 26 new cases in 1988. In addition, the resistant biotypes are more fit and competitive than most biotypes resistant to triazine herbicides.

The cell performance was evaluated using the Teledyne test Station equipped with the humidiflcation chambers, mass flow and temperature controllers, and 50 Amp load box from Scribner, which allowed simultaneous correction of the cell potential for resistive losses in membrane (iR-drop). 

Since its first commercial use in 2001, there have been no reports of reduced pathogen sensitivity to zoxamide. Laboratory studies to investigate the potential for resistance development to the benzamide class have been carried out with zoxamide [24], and zarilamide [25], a benzamide that binds to the same site as zoxamide on jS-tubulin [7]. In these studies, attempts to isolate resistant mutants in different Oomycetes using chemical mutagenesis, UV irradiation or adaptation were unsuccessful. These results suggest that the risk for resistance development to zoxamide in its commercial target pathogens is relatively low. 

Vancomycin has proved to be a very useful agent. The unique mechanism of action and limited potential for resistance development made the pursuit of new agents of the class... 

---