Plants willow

In the 1980s manufacturing capacity for aniline underwent some major changes. It is estimated that aniline capacity utilization was about 50% of nameplate capacity when Aristech s new 91,000 t/yr plant came on stream. That same year American Cyanamid closed its 23,000-t plant at Willow Island, W. Va., and withdrew from the aniline business. Mobay shut down its larger plant (45,000-t) at New Martinsville, W. Va. in 1983 and Du Pont idled its 77,000-tfacihtyinl984. 

No drugs have been a more faithful companion to man throughout his history than salicylates, the forebears of aspirin. About 3,500 years ago the Ebers Papyrus recommended the application of a decoction of leaves of myrtle to the abdomen and back to get rid of rheumatic pains. Hippocrates championed the juices of the poplar tree and willow bark to treat fever and labor pains. These plants and trees are abimdant in compounds derived from salicylic acid, which gets its name from them (in Latin salix is a willow tree). For thousands of years on all continents they have helped to... 

Willows, R.D., in Plant Pigments and Their Manipulation, Davis, K.M., Ed., Black-well Publishing, Oxford, 2004, chap. 2. 

TABLE 1 Concentration of K, CP, and Ca in Twigs of Nonstimulated Willow Plants. Emitted X-ray Signals Are Given as Peak Background Ratio. The Data Are Mean Values of 20 Measurements Taken from Three Plants with a Standard Error Lower than 0.5 for K+, 0.2 for Ca + and 0.9 for CP... 

Mature phreatophyte trees (poplar, willow, cottonwood, aspen, ash, alder, eucalyptus, mesquite, bald cypress, birch, and river cedar) typically can transpire 3700 to 6167 m3 (3 to 5 acre-ft) of water per year. This is equivalent to about 2 to 3.8m3 (600 to 1000 gal) of water per tree per year for a mature species planted at a density of 600 trees per hectare (1500 trees per acre). Transpiration rates in the first two years would be somewhat less, about 0.75 m3 per tree per year (200 gal per tree per year), and hardwood trees would transpire about half the water of a phreatophyte. Two meters of water per year is a practical maximum for transpiration in a system with complete canopy coverage (a theoretical maximum would be 4 m/yr based on the solar energy supplied at latitude 40°N on a clear day). 

Metallic nanoparticles have been synthesized in vivo using plants. Intracellular synthesis of gold nanopartides was demonstrated using the sweet desert willow (Chilopsis linearis) plant [95]. The average size of Au nanopartides formed in various tissues was dependent on the concentration of Au in the respective tissues. Haver-kamp et al. [96] synthesized a gold-silver-copper alloy in vivo using the Brasskajuncea plant. 

Pollutant Exposure and Chemical Composition of Plants Let us consider the influence of various exposure factors on the chemical composition of plant species in the arctic islands. It seems the most influential factor is the distance from the ocean shore. For example, in arctic willow growing a few meters from the tide line, the content of Zn, Cu, Pb, and Ni was higher than that of the same plant... 

Sell J., Kayser A., Schulin R., and Brunner I., 2005, Contribution of ectomicorrhizal fungi to cadium uptake of poplar and willows from a havey polluted soil, Plant Soil 277 245-253. 

Evidence against the involvement of dust enzymes is the finding that byssinosis does not occur in woolen mills which have an abundance of enzymes in the environment (y. Further, cotton willowing mills, which have high enzyme levels, have a low incidence of byssinosis. It is proposed, however, that enzymes may be responsible for the high prevalence of bronchitic symptoms (53%) among workers in these plants (19). 

An effective and environmentally friendly acoustic barrier consists of a framework of woven, freshly cut willow, filled with soil, into which the willow stems root. Variations include a soil-filled framework of dried willow, in which ground-cover plants are established. Dense, compressed reed walls designed to reduce noise are also available. 

Another way of creating an informal screen is to plant a living willow screen (see p.l41, and also pp.160-161). Fresh willow branches are inserted into the ground during the winter months and are woven into a screen. By spring they will root, and start growing. Their sideshoots can then be woven into the existing structure. 

In heavy soil in particular, birch, cherry, apple, pear, and plum should be planted no less than 12 ft (4 m) from the house. Ash, false acacia, chestnut, linden, sycamore, maple, and willow trees should be planted no less than 22 ft (7 m) away, while oak and poplar are safest kept at a minimum distance of 40 ft (12 m) from the house or garage. 

Susceptible plants A wide range of woody plants are vulnerable. Some of the most susceptible trees include stone fruits (such as peaches and plums), apples, pears, spruces, maples, poplars, and willows. 

Susceptible plants Camellia, bay laurel, birch, citrus, linden, oak, plum, rose, tomato, vines, willows, and many others, outdoors and under glass. 

During the nineteenth century, chemists had a good deal of success in isolating and purifying natural products from plant sources. Morphine was isolated as a pure compound from crude opium in 1804. Quinine was isolated from the bark of the cinchona tree in 1820 and was initially employed as a fever reducer. However, its effectiveness against malaria was soon discovered and it found an alternative highly important medical use. Sodium salicylate was isolated from the bark of the willow tree in 1821 and was also shown to have analgesic, antipyretic, and antiinflammatory properties. It took an additional 76 years, until 1897, to synthesize the acetyl derivative, acetylsalicyclic acid, commonly known as aspirin. 

Traditionally, lead compounds have been discovered in one of two ways. The hrst is one of trial and error. This is the way many plant and animal products and minerals have been found to be effective in the treatment of some medical disorder. For example, no one knows when the hrst person learned that chewing on the bark of the willow tree [Salix alba) helped relieve pain and reduce fever, but willow bark has been used in many cultures for untold centuries for just that purpose. Today we know that the active ingredient in willow bark is a derivative of salicylic acid (CgH4(OH)COOH), which today is sold commercially as aspirin or one of its analogs. Drug researchers continue to rely heavily on the study of folk medicines—a science known as ethnopharmacology—for the discovery of new plant and animal products that may have medical applications in the modern world. Indeed, scientists have discovered that the medical... 

Many plants contain estrogenic compounds. Estrone (Fig. 11.11) is found in seeds of date palms, pomegranates, and apples, and estriol in willow. These may be merely by-products of sterol metabolism, or serve a particular function. Harborne (1993) proposed that plants synthesize steroid hormones to deter feeding by mammals. Estrogenic compounds in plants are thought to upset the delicate hormone balance of mammals. 

FIGURE 11.24 Leaching (a) Standard pieces of different trees leach out different amounts of phenolics and other compounds. During 24 hours, red maple and witch hazel (left) stain water a darker brown than willow and quaking aspen (right), (b) and (c) Beavers leave pieces of branches in the water for 1-3 days with some or all bark intact before eating the bark. This presumably leaches out water-soluble plant secondary compounds. 

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