Plants protein from

Plant proteins from single sources, such as soybean meal, may be abundant in specific amino acids that are deficient in some cereal grains. Thus a combination of soybean meal and com with theh amino acid symbiosis may provide an exceUent amino acid profile for dogs. Plant protein mixtures alone do not meet the amino acid needs for cats, because taurine [107-35-7] is not generaUy present in plant proteins. 

Fig. 8.7 CTB-GM1-ganglioside binding ELISA assay. Plates, coated first with GMrganglioside and bovine serum albumin (BSA), respectively, were irrigated with total soluble plant protein from chloroplast transgenic lines (3 and 7) and 300 ng of purified bacterial CTB. The absorbance of the GM1-ganglioside-CTB-antibody complex in each case was measured at 405 nm. Total soluble protein from untransformed plants was used as the negative control.

Using this system, (Z)-hinokiresinol isolated from cultured cells of A. officinalis was determined to be the optically pure (75 )-isomer, while ( )-hinokiresinol isolated from cultured cells of C. japonica had 83.3% e.e. in favor of the (7S)-enantiomer (Table 12.1). The enzymatically formed (Z)-hinokiresinol obtained following incubation of p-coumaryl p-coumarate with a mixture of equal amounts of recZHRSa and recZHRSf) was found to be the optically pure (75)-isomer, which is identical to that isolated from A. officinalis cells (Table 12.1). A similar result was obtained with the crude plant protein from A. officinalis cultured cells, where the formed (Z)-hinokiresinol was almost optically pure, 97.2% e.e. in favor of the (75)-isomer (Table 12.1). In sharp contrast, when each subunit protein, recZHRSa or recZHRSP, was individually incubated with p-coumaryl p-coumarate, ( )-hinokiresinol was formed (Table 12.1). The enantiomeric compositions of ( )-hinokiresinol thus formed were 20.6% e.e. (with recZHRSa) and 9.0% e.e. (with recZHRSP) in favor of the (7S)-enantiomer (Table 12.1). Taken together, these results clearly indicate that the subunit composition of ZHRS controls not only cis/trans selectivity but also enantioselectivity in hinokiresinol formation (Fig. 12.3). This provides a novel example of enantiomeric control in the biosynthesis of natural products. Although the mechanism for the cis/trans selective and enantioselective reaction remains to be elucidated, for example by x-ray crystallography, the enantioselective mechanism totally differs from the enantioselectivity in biosynthesis of lignans, another class of phenylpropanoid compounds closely related to norlignans in terms of structure and biosynthesis. 

A high recovery yield of plant proteins from biomass depends on extensive cell maceration. The more cell walls are disrupted, the more protein can be recovered (12). Therefore, a pretreatment that disrupts plant cells may be useful in protein recovery processes. 

J. Gueguen, J. Viroben, J. Barboot and M. Subirade in Plant Proteins from European Crops Pood and Non-Food Applications, Eds., J. Gueguen and Y. Popineau, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1998, p.319. 

De Graaf L.A., Kolster P., and Vereijken, J.M. (1998), Plants Protein from European Crops, Food and non-food applications Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp.335-339. 

Naturally occurring molecular ensembles such as proteins from photosyntlietic systems (plants, algae, photosyntlietic bacteria, etc) are usually relatively rigid systems tliat contain various cliromophores and hold tliem at fixed positions and orientations relative to each otlier. That is why, despite tire numerous energy jumps between tire cliromophores, tlie resulting emitted fluorescence is polarized. The extent of tliis polarization tlius affords invaluable infonnation about tlie internal stmcture of molecular complexes. 

Since the discovery of amino acids in animal and plant proteins in the nineteenth century, most amino acids have been produced by extraction from proteia hydroly2ates. However, there are many problems in the efficient isolation of the desired amino acid in the pure form. 

Figure 9.3 Comparison of the consensus nucleotide sequence of the TATA box (a) and the sequences of the DNA fragments used in the crystal structure determinations of the TATA box-binding proteins from yeast (b) and the plant Arabidopsis thaliana (c).

It is in this way that most of what we call the natural amino acids have been discovered. Proteins from many sources—egg yolk, milk, animal tissues, plant seeds, gelatin, etc.—have been studied to learn what amino acids compose them. In this way about thirty of the natural amino acids have been identified. 

SAQ 4.15 Use the data in the Resource Material to answer the following question. It is 1977. The bacterial SCP from methanol plant referred to in Table 4.9 does not produce protein at a price that competes with soya protein. By how much would the cost of methanol have to fall in order that the protein from such a plant can be produced competitively with soya protein You can assume i) that the SCP processes referred to in Tables 4.7 and 4.9 to 4.15 are of 2 x 10s tons annual capacity, ii) that yield on methanol is 0.5kg biomass per kg methanol, iii) bacterial SCP contains 60% protein. 

Fig. 1. Spectrum of potato calluses isoperoxidases (a) non-infected plants protein extract, (b) protein extract from plants, infected by P. infestans. M - protein markers.

Figure 1 shows the phylogenetic relationship of the mitochondrial and bacterial Rieske proteins. Plant mitochondrial Rieske proteins form a separate cluster, whereas bacterial Rieske proteins are more closely related to Rieske proteins from fungi or mammals, although the subunit composition and organization of the bci complex is compa-... 

Rauser, W.E. (1984). Isolation and partial purification of cadmium-binding protein from roots of the grass Agrostis gigantea. Plant Physiology, 74, 1025-9. 

Dunlop [18] proposed a model for sub-lytic effects in plant cells, based on the same principles, but including four properties postulated to be of particular importance in these systems, namely calcium ion flux, osmo-regulation, cell-cell contact/aggregation and stress protein expression. Of these factors, osmo-regulation (and its inter-relationship with the cell wall) and aggregation patterns, in particular, distinguish plant cells from mammalian cell systems. 

The observation that a repeating, relatively short sequence of amino acids directs the spontaneous self-assembly of a large protein is shared by other structural proteins from mammalian systems [6] as well as of plant origin [16], Hence, such sequences may inspire the construction of nanostructures made of polypeptides and small proteins, as discussed later. 

Feedstuffs consist largely of complex polymers (e.g. proteins, starches, fats) that must be hydrolyzed to the constituent building blocks before they can be absorbed and made available to the host. The digestibility of many plant proteins is inherently lower compared to proteins from animal tissues. This is particularly true for the structural proteins (Carbonaro et al, 2000 Mariotti et al, 1999). As a consequence, amino acid scores for many plant proteins often do not reflect true availability to the host (Mariotti et al, 2001). 

Algae can be cultivated easily and quickly when compared to plants. They produce very high quantities of carotenoids compared to other sources (3.0 to 5.0% w/w on a dry weight basis). They contain both cis and trans isomers of carotenoids for high bioavailability and bioefflcacy, and also contain oxygenated carotenoids (xantho-phylls), which have greater bioactivity and better anticancer properties. The proteins from Dunaliella biomass can be utilized for bread and other products and whole cells can be utilized for animal, poultry, and fish foods because they are safe. ... 

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