Plant raw materials

Arctium lappa L. (burdock) is used as food, preventive and medical remedy. East medicine usually uses it as a fresh root of its first year of vegetation. In some countries burdock is cultivated for use as food and a medicinal herb. Thus the development of analytical documentation for this plant raw material is essential. 

Fragments of plant raw materials (e.g., grape skins or fruit pulp) can in some cases pass through a process and enter the final product. If this occurs due to a processing problem, it is generally transitory and can be addressed by refiltering the product. 

Sulek, A., Noworolnik, K., Podolska, G., Dziuba, J., and Konopka, I. 2007. The effect of plant protection substances on toxic and allergenic compounds in seeds of selected plants. In Allergens and Compounds of Plant Raw Materials and Foods Inducing Food Intolerance. Proceedings of II Scientific National Conference, Olsztyn, September 19, 2007, 41 (in polish). 

Section 2 - Material Hazard Data. This section contains a list of all the materials to be found on the plant - raw materials, intermediates, by-products, effluents, emissions from other facilities close by, catalysts, support materials, services, principle materials of construction and materials encountered during construction and demolition. 

The ratio of the cost of raw materials to total plant cost obviously will vary considerably for different types of plants. In chemical plants, raw-material costs are usually in the range of 10 to 50 percent of the total product cost. 

Over the past decade or so there has been an increasing interest in the use of plants as feedstock for industry in the Highlands and indeed Scotland as a whole. This has often been led by small, cosmetic and specialist food companies, wishing to cash in on Scotland s current image of quality and purity. Many of these companies started by collecting their own plant raw materials but as dieir businesses grew so this task became unsustainable and they turned to ingredient suppliers. However, as it turned out their products were sourced almost totally from Europe. 

Microporous carbon materials arc widely used in adsorption processes for separating gaseous and liquid components [1], Fossil peat and coal [2], polymers and resins [3], wood pulp and other plant raw materials [4] are widely used as raw to produce microporous carbon-containing materials. 

There is rather a broad assortment of plant raw materials used as precursors in carbon sorbent production wood pulp, nuts shell, rice husks, com cobs, wood bark, and that is not a complete list of caibon-containing raw materials. 

In plants cycloartanes occur in the free state and in the form of glycosides. The methods of isolation fi-om plant raw material, developed for various types of triterpenoids, are fully applicable to the cycloartane derivatives. 

Manufacture Potassium carbonate (potash) was formerly produced by the ashing of wood and other plant raw materials. Since the middle of the nineteenth century, the saline residues from the rock salt industry and salt deposits have been the raw materials for potassium carbonate production. The currently industrially most important process is the carbonation of electrolytically produced potassium hydroxide. 50% potassium hydroxide solution (e.g. from the mercury process) is saturated with carbon dioxide, the solution partially evaporated and the potassium carbonate hydrate K2CO3 1.5H2O which precipitates out is separated. After drying, the product is either marketed as potash hydrate or is calcined in a rotary tube furnace at temperatures of 250 to 350°C to anhydrous potassium carbonate. Anhydrous potassium carbonate is also produced in a fluidized bed process in which potassium hydroxide is... 

Typical diffusion coefficients for extracting various components from plant raw materials are listed in Table ILL... 

With the goal of removing as much of the phytochemical of interest from the plant raw material as quickly as possible, knowledge of the concepts of equilibrium and mass transfer is essential for economically operating extraction equipment. Extraction variables and operation are chosen to maximize the value of the equilibrium constant, K, in Equation 11.1 and the rate of extraction, 8C/5t, in Equation 11.2. These two equations show that only four factors affect extraction operation ... 

Extraction equipment can be classified by the method used to contact the solid with the solvent. Two general extraction methods are used for extracting plant raw materials dispersed-solids extraction and percolation extraction. During dispersed-solids extraction, enough solvent is used to suspend the solids within the liquid. A stirred tank is the simplest example of a dispersed-solids extraction. In a percolation extractor, solvent flows through a fixed bed of ground raw material. 

Table 2.10 shows that the isolation and purification of naturally occurring flavour chemicals and extracts from animal and plant raw materials is most important for the preparation of natural flavours. About 75% of the commercially used flavours come from such natural sources. Physico-chemical reactions of typical flavour precursors may also lead to natural flavouring substances when mild conditions ( kitchen technology ) are applied. In addition, natural flavour chemicals may be prepared by biotechnological processes. This chapter outlines the most important biotechnical manufacturing techniques. 

When the source of plant raw material for humus synthesis is cut off, such as when eroded soil is transported to sediments, humus is exposed to successive cycles of biological attack, with concomitant changes in chemical composition. Easily decomposable compounds, such as proteins and carbohydrates, are attacked first, with the result that these constituents are eliminated at the expense of resistant molecules such as humic and fulvic acids. 

The contract partner should have adequate premises and equipment for the production of herbal medicines according to GMP. Validated methods should be applied for cleaning the equipment and premises carefully before using them to produce different herbal medicinal, food or cosmetic products. In the case of raw materials used for producing food, it is realistic to require manufacturing departments to be separated from those where the plant raw material will be cut or powdered for use in the preparation of medicines. 

Glue is an adhesive consisting of animal and/or plant raw materials (as the case may be, even mixed with synthetic portions) as well as of water as solvent. 

Even in forestry districts unexposed to anthropogenic cadmium, the winter grazing of ruminating hoofed game is considerably richer in cadmium than plant raw materials used for human food production (Table 6.15. In particular, the barks and the... 

Generally speaking, numerous synthons can be extracted from biomass. One known example is that of ethylene, produced from the dehydration of ethanol which is a very common product of fermentation. Another example is 1,3-propanediol, which is a monomer used as a building block for the production of polymers such as polyesters and polyurethanes. Several industrial processes have studied its production by fermentation with the aim of producing it directly from inexpensive plant raw materials (starch or sucrose). To synthesize polyamides and polyesters, we also aim to produce a,(o-dicarboxylic acids by the biological conversion of esters from vegetable oils. 

Plant Raw Materials for Use in First-generation Bioethanol Production... 

Many methods described in the biochemical, biophysical, and medical literature cannot be applied directly to plant material because of the special cell structure, surrounded by a tough cell wall, and the general lack of knowledge of the specific behavior of plant raw material during extraction procedures. Therefore all authors of this New Series have been chosen because of their special experience with handling plant material, resulting in the adaptation of methods to problems of plant metabolism. 

Procedures for handling all materials in the plant (raw materials, intermediates, additives, finished products)— unloading, packing and dispatching ... 

In the conventional dilute sulfuric acid-catalyzed percolation process, the plant raw material containing pentosans is mixed with dilute sulfuric acid and, in the first step, pentosans are hydrolyzed to pentoses (C6Hio05)n, which are then cyclodehydrated to furfural in the second step. The frirfiirai formed is recovered by steam distillation and fractionation. The chemical reaction is shown in Figure I. The mechanism of the reaction (4) is shown in Figure 2. 

According to Vedernikov (5), the hydrolysis of pentosans and dehydration of pentoses in a one-step furfural production from a plant raw material in the presence of small amounts of concentrated catalyst solutions are accelerated differently by acetic and sulfuric acid (or other strong catalysts). Due to the marked chemosorption heat, the molecules of sulfuric acid sorbed on the surface of the particles are bound tightly to the polysaccharides by chemosorption and do not penetrate into the particles. The strength of the chemosorption between the molecules of sulfuric acid and polysaccharides increases with an increase in the initial acid concentration. It is minor for dilute solutions. As small amounts of sulfuric acid are used (2-4% of material mass), it covers less than 1% of the entire surface of particles. 

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