Carbon sorbent

Hydrocarbons (mixed C3-C,q) Lab method using pumped porous polymer and carbon sorbent tubes, thermal desorption and gas chromatography 60... 

In Section 24.3, use of electrosorption for effluent purification was mentioned. The same principle of an electrochemically controlled hemosorption (sorptive blood purification) is used in modem toxicology to extract toxins from blood. By appropriate potential control of the carbon sorbent, particular toxins can be removed selectively without traumatizing the blood, that is, without removing essential blood components such as the thrombocytes. 

Nelson, T.O., P.D. Box, D.A. Green, and R.P. Gupta, Carbon Dioxide Recovery from Power Plant Flue Gas using Supported Carbonate Sorbents in a Thermal Swing Process, Sixth Annual Conference on Carbon Capture and Sequestration, Pittsburgh, PA, May 2007. 

Matisova, E and S. Skrabakova, Carbon Sorbents and Their Utilization for the Preconcentration of Organic Pollutants in Environmental Samples, J. Chromatogr. A, 707, 145-179 (1995). 

As it follows from Table 21.8, Enterosgel has low capacity towards medicinal preparations studied as opposed to activated carbon. It does not mean that carbon sorbents should not be used for elimination of toxic effects of prolonged drug therapy - for this purpose one could separate dmg administration from sorbent administration by 1-2 hours, and introduce meal consumption between them, however, in such cases Enterosgel is surely more suitable. 

A high fatality rate associated with this disease suggests that the effectiveness of conservative and surgical treatment is not sufficient in the case of acute pancreatitis. New methods of extracorporeal detoxification using hemoperfusion over carbon sorbents has made it possible to improve the outcome of pancreatitis treatment. However, hemosorption leads to only a transient decrease in blood proteolytic activity and does not correct the imbalance in the protease-inhibitor system, and the carbon hemosorbents are nonspecific. The development and application of antiprotease hemosorbents with specific bioligands therefore has potential in pancreatitis treatment. 

The fatality rate was also analyzed in the group of 97 randomly-selected patients with acute pancreatitis, treated in Minsk hospitals prior to 1988 by a similar treatment program using HS over uncoated activated carbon sorbents of the SKN type [5], Eighteen healthy donors served as control. It should be noted that patients in both groups were treated with intravenous infusion of the protease inhibitor from bovine lung (Contrykal, Dresden, Germany 5,000 U per body mass per day). 

It has been demonstrated that the deep pyrolysis technology used to prodnce HSGD can be applied to other carbonic sorbents made from granular synthetic, natural and fibrous raw materials. 

The most commonly used hydrophobic marker of hepatic insufficiency is uncon-jngated bilirubin (K= 10 xM" ), which is tightly bonnd to HSA. If one could learn how to remove it effectively from HSA nsing carbonic sorbents, then these sorbents could be applied for removing other protein-bonnd ligands as well. Generally, bilirubin as a free molecule is efficiently adsorbed by activated carbons, bnt in the presence of a competing liquid sorbent HSA, the carbon capacity for bilirnbin falls drastically (Fig. 29.1). 

Serum albumin is a natural transporter of hydrophobic metabolites it binds toxic ligands reversibly, and if the ligand can be removed from the complex then the melting curve of unloaded albumin should return to that of pure protein. However this remains a difficult task, and neither exhaustive dialysis, nor the use of conventional carbonic sorbents, influence the shape of melting curves of albumin isolated from blood plasma of uremic patients and patients with hepatic insufficiency (Fig. 29.3) [9]. 

Table 29.2 Correlation between fractality of carbonic sorbents (a) and their adsorption capacity towards unconjugated bilirubin (mg/g) from albumin-containing solution...

Finally, it is important to note that it is possible to produce carbon sorbents with dehganding properties from different materials. In Table 29.4 this is demonstrated for granulated activated carbon Novocarb (MAST Carbon International, US Patent 20020176840A1, Nov. 2002) prepared by pyrolysis of phenol-formaldehyde resins, and coconut shell derived activated carbon ZL-150 (Huzhou Beigang Enterprises Group Corp., P.R. China). 

It was snggested that the ON solution possesses hypocoagulation properties [8,9], therefore an additional study was undertaken to assess the effect of hemoperfusion throngh the modified carbon sorbent on the blood coagulation system and key homeostasis parameters. Tendency for normalization of blood indices in patients of the treatment group was noticeable after the first HS session, and after the second session full normalization was evident (Table 31.1). 

Table 31.1 Effect of hemoperfusion through the modified activated carbon sorbent on the blood coagulation system...

Modification of the activated carbon sorbent by neutral anolite solution in situ solves another important problem associated with the need to use anticoagulants for prevention of thrombosis within a hemosorbent. Oxidizing modification of carbon with ON solution considerably reduces the required doses of anticoagulants such as heparin or solutio glugicirum (a solution of 2% of sodium hydrocitrate and 3% glucose) and decreases the risk of postoperative complications associated with an imbalance of the coagulation system. 

Kartel NT (1998) Biocompatibility of carbon sorbents. Efferent Therapy 4 3-9... 

ABCDF, including either steam or air stripping of the VOCs from the hydrolysate, followed by VOC recovery on an activated carbon sorbent. In the case of steam stripping, the VOCs are recovered from the liquid phase after condensation of the steam. In the case of air stripping, they are recovered from the gas phase. In both cases, the spent activated carbon is returned to the supplier of the carbon, and the recovered VOCs are destroyed in the process of regenerating the sorbent. 

Hydrated stannic (Sn(IV)) oxide sorbent lron(lll)-impregnated granular activated carbon sorbent... 

Polyaniline in activated carbon sorbent Yang, Wu and Chen (2007)... 

Matisova, E. and Skrabakova, S. (1995) Carbon sorbents and their utilisation for the preconcentration of organic pollutants... 

One extraction phase developed for triazines is graphitized carbon black, which has been shown to be versatile for a wide range of pesticides (Di Corcia et al, 1987 Di Corcia and Marchetti, 1992 Di Corcia et al., 1993 Bucheli et al, 1997 Crescenzi et al, 1997). It has also been shown to be very effective for retaining the more polar metabolites (e.g., deisopropylatrazine (DIA), deethylatrazine (DEA), and hydroxyatrazine (ATOH) see Table 20.1, also Appendix, Table A3) (Berg et al, 1995 Di Corcia et al, 1997 Pichon et al, 1995 Schulein et al., 1995). The methods published require considerably more column preparation and elution steps than traditional Cl8 methods. Pichon et al. (1995) also included the polar triazine metabolites ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid, with good recoveries using a graphitic carbon sorbent. 

The designed AGS systems and modified carbon sorbents are perspective for the hydrogen storage and for two-fuel automobile... 

The approach of research institutes AGLARG [9] was used for an operative estimation of gas sorption capacity for carbon sorbents. According to it micropore volume and the specific surface area have been chosen as determining parameters. To obtain the function approximating dependence of hydrogen sorption capacity on carbon materials from value of a specific surface area (at pressure 0.1 MPa and temperature 77 K), we used our experimental data (Table 1) and an experimental database (Table 2) of group of institutes - Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute, Utrecht University [10],... 

Figure 3. Volume capacity of hydrogen storage for carbon sorbents vs. BET surface area at pressure 0.1 MPa and 77 K - experimental data (Table 1), a continuous line - the linear approximation obtained by authors - experimental data (Table 2), a dashed line - the linear approximation given in [10].

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