Planktonic microbes

Ayukai, T. (1995). Retention of phytoplankton and planktonic microbes on coral reefs within the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Coral Reefs. 14, 141—147. 

Heterotrophic microbes consume organic matter to fuel respiration metabolisms that provide energy. Aerobic respiration of the Redfield-Richards planktonic organic matter can be represented stoichiometrically as... 

In the case of plankton, cell lysis that occurs shortly after death causes ATP to be released into seawater. Like most biomolecules, ATP is rapidly degraded in seawater by microbes. Thus, high surfece concentrations in Figure 22.5 reflect a rapid supply supported by the high rates of plankton production characteristic of the photic zone. Below the surface, concentrations decrease with increasing depth beneath the photic zone and, hence, distance from the biosynthetic source of the ATP... 

At mid-latitudes (Westerlies domain), seasonal changes in light availability, mixed layer depth, and temperature support two plankton blooms, one in the spring and a lesser one in the fall (Figure 24.10). In the winter, phytoplankton growth is light limited. (The carbon fixation reaction is also slower at lower temperatures.) Thus as heterotrophic microbes remineralize detrital POM, DIN concentrations rise. 

The major purpose of monitoring microbes is to identify the generation of biofilms and to find the locations of biofilms, if any. The purpose of sanitization is to kill and destroy the biofilm after detecting the location of the biofilms. The planktonic population, whose number of micro-organisms in water is monitored, should be understood and utilized to indicate biofilms in the system. The number of microbes in water is an indicator of system contamination levels and is the basis for the system alert levels. 

Alderkamp AC, Sintes E, Herndl GJ (2006b) Abundance and activity of major groups of prokaryotic plankton in the coastal North Sea during the wax and wane of a phytoplankton spring bloom. Aquat Microb Ecol 45 237-246... 

Ducklow HW, Carlson CA, Smith WO (1999) Bacterial growth in experimental plankton assemblages and seawater cultures from the P. antarctica bloom in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Aquat Microb Ecol 19 215-227... 

Smith EM (1998) Coherence of microbial respiration rate and cell-specific bacterial activity in a coastal planktonic community. Aquat Microb Ecol 16 27-35 Smith WO Jr, Nelson DM, DiTullio GR, Leventer AR (1996) Temporal and spatial patterns in the Ross Sea phytoplankton biomass, elemental composition, productivity and growth rates. J Geophys Res 101 18455-18466 Smith WO Jr, Marra J, Hiscock MR, Barber RT (2000) The seasonal cycle of phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity in the Ross sea, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res II 47 3119-3140... 

Verity PG, Villareal TA, Smayda TJ (1988) Ecological investigations of blooms of colonial Phaeocystis pouchetti - 1. Abundance, biochemical composition, and metabolic rates. J Plankton Res 10(2) 219-248 Watson SW, Novitsky TJ, Quinby HL, Valois FW (1977) Determination of bacterial number and biomass in the marine environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 33 940-946 Weaver RS, Kirchman DL, Hutchins DA (2003) Utilization of iron/organic ligand complexes by marine bacterioplank-ton. Aquat Microb Ecol 31 227-239 Weinbauer MG, Arrieta JM, Hemdl GJ (2003) Stimulation of viral infection of bacterioplankton during a mesoscale iron fertilization experiment in the Southern ocean. Geo-phys Res abstracts 5 12280... 

Tang KW, Simo R (2003) Trophic uptake and transfer of DMSP in simple planktonic food chains. Aquat Microb Ecol 31 193-202... 

Zubkov MV, Fuchs BM, Archer SD, Kiene RP, Amann R, Burkill PH (2001) Linking the composition of bacterio-plankton to rapid turnover of dissolved dimethylsulpho-niopropionate in an algal bloom in the North Sea. Environ Microb 3 304-311... 

Verity PG (1988) Chemosensory behavior in marine planktonic ciliates. Bull Mar Sci 43 772-782 Verity PG (1991) Feeding in planktonic protozoans evidence for non-random acquisition of prey. Mar Microb Food Webs 5 69-76... 

Bode, A., Varela, M. M., Teira, E., Fernandez, E., Gonzalez, N., and Varela, M. (2004). Planktonic carbon and nitrogen cycling off northwest Spain Variations in production of particulate and dissolved organic pools. Aqua. Microb. Ecol. 37, 95—107. 

Hasegawa, T., Fukuda, H., and Koike, I. (2005). Effects of glutamate and glucose on N cycling and the marine plankton community. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 41, 125—130. 

Nagao, F., andMiyazaki, T. (1999). A modified N tracer method and new calculation for estimating release of dissolved organic nitrogen by freshwater planktonic algae. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 16,... 

Schwalbach, M. S., Hewson, L, and Fuhrman, J. A. (2004). Viral effects on bacterial community composition in marine plankton microcosms. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 34, 117—127. 

Cherrier, J., and Bauer, J. E. (2004). Bacterial utilization of transient plankton-derived dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen inputs in surface ocean waters. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 35, 229-241. 

Released BP is moderately persistent in the environment. It readily binds to soils and should not leach to groundwater, though it has been detected in some groundwater. If released into water, it will adsorb strongly to sediments and particulate matter. In most waters and sediments it will resist breakdown by microbes and reactive chemicals. BP is expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms that cannot metabolize it, including plankton, oysters, and some fish. 

---