Nitrogen inputs

A large amount of nitrogen is required to produce the biomass of marsh vegetation. Nitrogen enters the marsh estuarine ecosystem by several sources  

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Soil Nutrient. Molybdenum has been widely used to increase crop productivity in many soils woddwide (see Fertilizers). It is the heaviest element needed for plant productivity and stimulates both nitrogen fixation and nitrate reduction (51,52). The effects are particularly significant in leguminous crops, where symbiotic bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation provide the principal nitrogen input to the plant. Molybdenum deficiency is usually more prominent in acidic soils, where Mo(VI) is less soluble and more easily reduced to insoluble, and hence unavailable, forms. Above pH 7, the soluble anionic, and hence available, molybdate ion is the principal species. 

Giblin AE, Gaines AG (1990) Nitrogen inputs to a marine embayment the importance of ground water. Biogeochem 10 309-328... 

More data are needed on the effects of organic practices on phytochemicals and their precursors. How does modification of precursor pools affect biosynthesis For example, see studies on the effects of lower levels of free amino acids caused by a reduction in nitrogen input. 

Schachtman DP, Reid RJ, Ayling SM (1998) Phosphorus uptake by plants from soil to cell. Plant Physiol 116 447-453. doi http //www.plantphysiol.org Schindler DW (1974) Eutrophication and recovery in experimental lakes implications for lake management. Science 184 897-899. doi http //www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/184/4139/897 Schindler DW, Hecky RE, Findlay DL, Stainton MP, Parker BR, Paterson MJ, Beaty KG, Lyng M, Kasian SEM (2008) Eutrophication of lakes cannot be controlled by reducing nitrogen input results of a 37-year whole-ecosystem experiment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105 11254-11258. doi http //www.pnas.org/content/105/32/l 1254.abstract Scott JT, Condron LM (2003) Dynamics and availability of phosphorus in the rhizosphere of a temperate silvopastoral system. Biol Fert Soils 39 65-73 Shane MW, Lambers H (2005) Cluster roots a curiosity in context. Plant Soil 274 101-125. doi http //dx.doi.org/10.1007/s 11104-004-2725-7... 

When nitrogen input owed to mineralization and atmospheric deposition exceeds the demand of both the vegetation and the microbes in undisturbed maturated forest... 

In the soil under this woods he found a low pH and N in the form of N03. From this he concluded that the NH3 after nitrification is contributing to the acidification caused by the acid rain. He estimates the nitrogen inputs from throughfall and stemflow in the locations under observation to be 64 and 63 kg per ha per year. 

Eriksen, J., Askegaard, M. and Kristensen, K. 2004. Nitrate leaching from an organic dairy crop rotation the effects of manure type, nitrogen input and improved crop rotation. Soil Use and Management 20 48-54. 

Kelly, J. M., and J. F. Meagher. 1986. Nitrogen input/output relationships for three forested watersheds in eastern Tennessee. In Watershed Research Perspectives (D. L. Correll, Ed.). Smithsonian Press, Washington, DC. 

Figure 10.19 Nitrogen inputs (kt N y ) to the Seine River estuary (France) over the last 50 years. (Modified from Billen et al., 2001.)...

Nitrogen inputs to watersheds, which results in DIN export to coastal systems, often leads to enhanced primary production, since many estuaries are N limited. This can result in the formation of HABs as well as hypoxia, and in worst case scenarios anoxic water columns see other effects in chapter 15. 

Christian, R.R., and Thomas, C.R. (2003) Network analysis of nitrogen inputs and cycling in the Neuse River estuary, North Carolina, USA. Estuaries 26, 815-828. 

Kroeze, C., and Seitzinger, S.P. (1998) Nitrogen inputs to rivers, estuaries and continental shelves and related nitrous oxide emissions in 1990 and 2050 a global model. Nutrient Cycl. Agroecosyst. 52 195-212. 

Nixon, S.W. (1992) Quantifying the relationship between nitrogen input and the productivity of marine ecosystems. Proc. Adv. Mar. Tech. Conf. 5, 57-83. 

Seitzinger, S.P., and Kroeze, C., Bouman, A.F., Caraco, N., Dentener, E, and Styles, R.V. (2002a). Global patterns of dissolved inorganic and particulate nitrogen inputs to coastal systems recent conditions and future projections. Estuaries 25, 640-655. 

Frey, S. D., Elliott, E. T., Faustian, K. Peterson, G. A. (2000). Fungal translocation as a mechanism for soil nitrogen inputs to surface residue decomposition in a no-tillage agroecosystem. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 32, 689-98. 

Bardgett, R. D., Streeter, T. C. Bol, R. (2003). Soil microbes compete effectively with plants for organic-nitrogen inputs to temperate grasslands. Ecology, 84, 1277-87. 

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