Placenta sample

Analysis of Biological Samples 14.8.8.1 Human Placenta Sample... 

T. Vo-Dinh, J. P. Alarie, R. W. Johnson, M. J. Sepaniak, and R. M. Santella, Evaluation of the fiber-optic antibody-based fluoroimmunosensor for DNS abducts in human placenta samples, Clin. Chem. 37, 532-535 (1991). 

The North Carolina Breast Milk and Formula Project. The North Carolina Breast Milk and Formula Project (NCBMFP) is a cohort study designed to assess the relationship between exposure to prenatal and postnatal PCBs and DDE and growth and development in infants and children (Rogan et al. 1986a, 1986b). A detailed description of this cohort study in presented in Section 3.2.4.2.1.2 (Neurological Effects). Briefly, the participants were administered a questionnaire while in the hospital following delivery. Maternal serum, cord blood, and placenta samples were collected at birth as well as colostrum, breast milk, or formula. The first follow-up visit occurred at 6 weeks with subsequent evaluations at... 

Watts H J, Lowe G R and Pollard-Knight D V 1994 Optical biosensor for monitoring microbial cells Anal. Chem. 66 2465-70 Vo-Dinh T, Alarie J P, Johnson R W, Sepaniak M J and Santella R M 1991 Evaluation of the fiber-optic antibody-based fluoroimmunosensor for DNA adducts in human placenta samples Clin. Chem. 37 532-5... 

Stenberg, A. Content of cesium-137 in some Uppsala placenta samples Report, UUlP-739 (1971) 14. 

The full-term placenta samples collected at maternity hospitals in four regions of different environmental pollutants and traffic density in Slovakia were examined for cadmium (and lead) contents. The average cadmium concentrations from these regions were in range 0.0120-0.0221 mg/kg and placental contamination with... 

Figure i. Cadmium concentration in placenta samples from the Kikinda area. 

Human placenta sample was dried at 105°C to a constant weight and crumbled. A portion (5 g) was mineralized with 15 ml of 12 M nitric acid for 12 h at 1 lO C in a teflon bomb. After mineralization. 

The only other human tissue that has been analyzed for various BP compounds is the human placenta. Using a LC-MS/MS method, levels of several BPs were determined in 16 placental samples of women residing in Granada, Spain (Vela-Soria et al. 2011). The metabolite of BP, 4-OH BP, was detected in 68.8 % of the placenta samples in the range of 0.6-1.2 ng/g of tissue. Further research is needed to determine if the placenta could be used to monitor levels of BP metabolites in human populations. 

Uniformly labeled C-8-D with a specific activity of 2.99 juc/mg was administered orally to pregnant females at 2 /xg/kg/day from 6-15 days of gestation. Three females were sacrificed on alternate days during days 6-20 of pregnancy. Triplicate samples of fetus, placenta, blood, brain, abdominal fat, and sartorius muscle were procured from each female. The samples were dissolved in 1 ml of Soluene (Packard Instruments) to which 15 ml of Aquasol were added. Each sample vial was counted for 30 min in a Nuclear Chicago Mark I liquid scintillation counter. 

Oral treatment of pregnant dams with 0.25 /xg (or more) /kg/day of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin for 10 days during gestation resulted in adverse effects on rat development. No adverse effects were seen at the 0.125 ju,g/kg/day. When C-2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2.99 fjLc/mg) was given at 2 /xg/kg/day there was activity, primarily in liver and to a lesser extent, in fat and brain. When a single oral dose of 200 /Ag/kg was administered on gestation days 16, 17, or 18 and was followed 6 hours later with tissue sampling, the label was also observed in the fetus and placenta. Placenta had approximately twice as much label as the fetus. 

Human placenta (20 g) was completely dried at 105°C, crumbled, and a portion (5 g) was minerahzed by treating with nitric acid (12 M, 15 ml) at 110°C in a Teflon bomb. After mineralization, the contents were evaporated to dryness and the residue was dissolved in 1.0 ml of distilled water (termed sample A). An aliquot (10 pi) was chromatographed on RP-18 using MeOH -f HjO + CH3COOH (25 15 2) as the mobile phase. The separated spots of the metals were visualized by spraying the... 

Transplant with umbilical cord blood (UCB) offers an alternative stem cell source to patients who do not have an acceptable matched related or unrelated donor. When allogeneic hematopoietic cells are obtained from UCB, the cord blood is obtained from a consenting donor in the delivery room after birth and delivery of the placenta.32 The cord blood then is processed, a sample is sent for HLA typing, and the cord blood... 

Kim et al. (67) P. placenta Polyclonal antiserum was produced to P. placenta extracellular metabolites red spruce and birch were degraded by P. placenta using the soil-block procedure degraded wood-block samples were prepared for TEM and the immunoelectron localization of wood-degrading enzymes Extracellular membrane structures (matrix) were observed surrounding hyphae, which degraded spruce and birch wood the matrix labeled positively with antisera produced to P. placenta extracellular metabolites... 

No information is available as to whether w-hexane or its metabolites cross the placenta in humans. Transfer across the placenta has been demonstrated in rats for -hexane and two resulting metabolites, 2-hexanone and 2,5-hexanedione (Bus et al. 1979) no preferential distribution to the fetus was observed for either -hexane or the metabolites. Due to its relatively rapid metabolism, storage of -hexane in body fat does not appear to occur at air concentrations to which humans are exposed thus, there is unlikely to be mobilization of maternally stored -hexane upon pregnancy or lactation. -Hcxanc has been detected in samples of human breast milk (Pellizzari et al. 1982) however, -hexane was not quantified, nor was any attempt made to assess the subjects exposure. A human milk/blood partition coefficient of 2.10 (Fisher et al. 1997) indicates there would be preferential distribution to this compartment if significant absorption occurred however no pharmacokinetic experiments have been... 

Blount and Valentin-Blasini [259] detected perchlorate in all amniotic fluid samples (n = 48) tested, ranging from 0.057 to 0.71 pg/L with a geometric mean of 0.18 pg/L. No comparison data for perchlorate in AF were available in the scientific literature. The perchlorate levels previously reported for human urine and milk are an order of magnitude higher than the levels found in this group of 48 AF samples [233, 256]. Lower levels of perchlorate in human AF compared with human milk could result from low NIS expression in the placenta compared to the lactating breast [265]. 

PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs are highly fat-soluble and accumulate in adipose tissue. They can also pass through the placenta and are excreted in human breast milk, resulting in exposure of the nursing infant (Table 8.4). The results from UK participants in a WHO inter-laboratory trial showed that the concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs fell from 29-37 ng I-TEQ/kg milk fat in 1987-1988 to 21-24 ng I-TEQ/kg milk fat in 1993-94.44 Although PCBs were not analysed in 1987-1988, the concentrations in the 1993-94 milk samples were 10-12 ng I-TEQ milk fat. The concentrations were similar to those reported by other European countries and other participants in the WHO trial. 

Serum samples from PBB-exposed women examined at parturition between 1973 9 had a mean value of 26.2 ppb, but ranged widely, from the detection limit of <1 ppb to 1150 ppb. The cord serum of 58 infants delivered during that period ranged from the detection limit to 104 ppb (mean 3.2). For 13 pairs studied, the mean maternal/fetal ratio found was 7.04, indicating that while PBB transfer does occur across the placenta, the latter does function as a barrier to some extent, in a similar manner to the placenta with PCB analogs (ref. 80, p. 449). 

Schecter et al. (1996b) recently presented data on the levels of CDDs and CDFs in human fetuses (8-14 weeks gestational age with placenta removed) and in placentas from women from the general population who had normal deliveries. On a lipid basis, the total TEQs (CDDs plus CDFs) in a pool of 14 placentas was 10.1 ng/kg half this amount (5. 3 ng/kg) was measured in a pool of 10 fetuses. In an analysis of 43 samples of human milk, Schecter et al. (1996b) found that the total concentration of CDDs and CDFs was 16.7 ng/kg (expressed as TEQ). The authors also calculated that the TEQ body burden for the pooled fetal tissue was 0.034 ng/kg body weight for pooled placentas, they calculated a total TEQ of... 

---