Big Chemical Encyclopedia

Chemical substances, components, reactions, process design ...

Articles Figures Tables About

Placebos

Acetyl-i-carnitine (4) is marketed in Italy for dementia as of this writing it is also in Phase III clinical trials in the United States and Europe. In a double-blind, placebo-controUed clinical trial over a one-year period involving 130 patients with clinically diagnosed AD, a slower rate of deterioration in 13 of the 14 outcome measures was observed in the dmg-treated group (28). Earfler smaller scale pilot studies in demented patients had also shown some improvement of various behavioral and cognitive functions (29). [Pg.93]

Aniracetam (6), launched in 1993 in both Japan and Italy for the treatment of cognition disorders, is in Phase II trials in the United States as of this writing. In clinical studies it has been shown to cause some improvement in elderly patients with mild to moderate mental deterioration (63), and in geriatric patients with cerebral insufficiency (64). In a multicenter double-blind placebo-controUed trial involving 109 patients with probable AD, positive effects were observed in 36% of patients after six months of treatment (65), a result repeated in a separate study of 115 patients (66). A review of the biological and pharmacokinetic properties, and clinical results of aniracetam treatment in cognitively impaired individuals is available (49). [Pg.95]

The anainoacridines, tacrine (19) and its 1-hydroxy metaboUte, velnacrine (20), are reversible inhibitors of AChE. Tacrine was synthesi2ed in the 1940s and has been used clinically for the treatment of myasthenia gravis and tardive dyskinesia (115). Placebo-controUed studies have indicated modest efficacy of tacrine to treat AD dementia (122,123) and in 1993 the dmg was recommended for approval by the PDA under the trade name Cognex. Tacrine (19) has been shown to interact with sites other than AChE, such as potassium channels (124) and muscarinic receptors. However, these interactions are comparatively weak and are not thought to contribute to the biological activity of the dmg at therapeutic levels (115). [Pg.98]

In 1981, Chinese Restaurant Asthma was reported following capsule administration of MSG to several asthmatics (37). However, the researchers failed to account for other allergens to which the subjects could have been exposed and did not utilize the scientific practice of a "control" substance which would have helped to determine if glutamate triggered this response. In a double-blind crossover study, chronic asthmatics were challenged with MSG or a placebo. No decrease in pulmonary function was observed (39). [Pg.305]

Venlafaxine (48) is a stmcturaHy novel phenylethylamine derivative that strongly inhibits both noradrenaline and serotonin reuptake. It lacks anticholinergic, antihistaminergic, and antiadrenergic side effects. As compared to placebo, most common adverse events are nausea, somnolence, dizziness, dry mouth, and sweating. Venlafaxine-treated patients also experienced more headaches and nausea, but less dry mouth, dizziness, and tremor than patients treated with comparator antidepressants. [Pg.232]

Another study (84), which enrolled men and women between the ages of 21—55 who had mild hypertension and no recognizable cardiovascular risk factors, showed no significant differences in mortaUty between dmg- and placebo-treated patients. Significant reductions in hypertensive complications were noted, but atherosclerotic complications were not reduced. [Pg.212]

A third study (85) enrolled 7825 hypertensive patients (55% males and 45% females) having diastoHc blood pressures (DBP) of 99—104 mm Hg (13—14 Pa) there were no placebo controls. Forty-six percent of the patients were assigned to SC antihypertensive dmg therapy, ie, step 1, chlorthaUdone step 2, reserpine [50-55-5] or methyldopa [555-30-6], and step 3, hydralazine [86-54-4]. Fifty-four percent of the patients were assigned to the usual care (UC) sources in the community. Significant reductions in DBP and in cardiovascular and noncardiovascular deaths were noted in both groups. In the SC group, deaths from ischemic heart disease increased 9%, and deaths from coronary heart disease (CHD) and acute myocardial infarctions were reduced 20 and 46%, respectively. [Pg.212]

In a study with 3427 male and female patients having DBP of 95—109 mm Hg (12—15 Pa), and no clinical evidence of cardiovascular diseases, half of the patients were placebo-treated and half were SC antihypertensive dmg-treated, ie, step 1, chlorothiazide step 2, methyldopa, propranolol [525-66-6], or pindolol [13523-86-9], and step 3, hydralazine, or clonidine [4205-90-7] (86). Overall, when the DBP was reduced below 100 mm Hg (13 Pa), there were more deaths in the dmg-treated group than in the placebo group. The data suggest reduction of blood pressure by antihypertensive dmg treatment that includes a diuretic is accompanied by increased cardiovascular risks. [Pg.212]

The Oslo Trial (87) enrolled 785 male patients <50 years of age with DBP <110 mm Hg (15 Pa) and free of clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease. If the initial DBP was <100 mm Hg (13 Pa), there were no differences in mortaUty or cardiovascular events in the placebo- or dmg-treated groups. If the initial DBP was >100 mm Hg, then the incidence of cardiovascular disease was greater in the dmg-treated than in the placebo-treated group. [Pg.212]

Several clinical trials have been conducted with streptokinase adrninistered either intravenously or by direct infusion into a catheterized coronary artery. The results from 33 randomized trials conducted between 1959 and 1984 have been examined (75), and show a significant decrease in mortaUty rate (15.4%) in enzyme-treated patients vs matched controls (19.2%). These results correlate well with an ItaUan study encompassing 11,806 patients (76), in which the overall reduction in mortaUty was 19% in the streptokinase-treated group, ie, 1.5 million units adrninistered intravenously, compared with placebo-treated controls. The trial also shows that a delay in the initiation of treatment over six hours after the onset of symptoms nullifies any benefit from this type of thrombolytic therapy. Conversely, patients treated within one hour from the onset of symptoms had a remarkable decrease in mortaUty (47%). The benefits of streptokinase therapy, especially in the latter group of patients, was stiU evident in a one-year foUow-up (77). In addition to reducing mortahty rate, there was an improvement in left ventricular function and a reduction in the size of infarction. Thus early treatment with streptokinase is essential. [Pg.309]

In a more extensive international trial, 17,187 patients were treated intravenously with streptokinase alone, aspirin alone, a combination of streptokinase and aspirin, or placebo (78). Streptokinase and aspirin were equally effective in treating acute myocardial infarction, each decreasing mortahty by 25% their combination further reduced mortahty by 42%. A significant reduction in mortahty was seen even in those patients treated up to 24 hours after the onset of symptoms. [Pg.309]

Anistreplase has a considerably longer a half-life than streptokinase, ie, 90 min compared to 20 min (87,88). Moreover, it does not require prolonged infusion to achieve its thrombolytic effects. Anistreplase was found to be highly effective after a single intravenous dose of 30 units over a 5-min period compared to a 60-min infusion of 1.5 million units of streptokinase (89—94). In direct comparative studies, anistreplase was as effective as intracoronary (95,96) and intravenously (96—100) adrninistered streptokinase. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controUed study (AIMS trial) with 1004 patients given this modified enzyme, the 30-day mortaUty rate was 12.2% for patients receiving placebo, compared to 6.4% for patients who received 30 units of anistreplase intravenously within six hours of the onset of symptoms (101). [Pg.310]

Another subclass of proteases attacks internal peptide bonds and Hberates large peptide fragments. Bromelain, a plant protease derived from the stem of the pineapple plant, can even produce detectable semm proteolysis after oral adrninistration (180). Oral therapy with bromelain significantly reduces bmising that stems from obstetrical manipulations (181). Bromelain—pancreatin combinations have been more effective in digestive insufficiency compared to either pancreatin or placebo (182,183). Bromelain may also enhance the activity of antibiotics, especially tetracycline, when adrninistered concurrently (184). [Pg.311]

The current evidence suggests that there might be some beneficial effects on postmenopausal symptoms, but it is not possible to be more categorical at present given the conflicting observations in the limited number of studies undertaken and the possibility that placebo effect may explain the changes noted in the incidence of subjective symptoms. [Pg.120]

The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial Investigators (1991) Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide or placebo. New Engl J Med 324 781... [Pg.102]

However, already in an early clinical trial, rofecoxib was found to produce four times the number of myocardial infarctions than its comparator drug, naproxen. A subsequent trial of rofecoxib compared to placebo in colorectal cancer prevention demonstrated, after 18 months of study, that a greater number of myocardial infarctions occulted in the rofecoxib group. In 2004 the manufacturers of rofecoxib withdrew the diug from the market. A similar study of celecoxib compared to placebo in cancer prevention, showed that celecoxib also increased the risk of cardiovascular embolisms [3]. [Pg.406]

Dronabinol (tetrahydrocannabinol), the active principle from cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids, nabilone and levonantradol are effective in treating nausea and vomiting in cancer chemotherapy. The mode of action is unclear but appears to involve cannabinoid CBi receptors. Cannabinoids have been shown to reduce acetylcholine release in the cortex and hippocampus, and have been suggested to inhibit medullary activity by a cortical action. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and release of endorphins may also be involved in the antiemetic effect. A review of trials of dronabinol, nabilone or levonantradol concluded that while the cannabinoids were superior to placebo or dopamine receptor antagonists in controlling emesis... [Pg.461]

In low doses, inhaled NO may have a beneficial therapeutic effect, since NO in the inspired air leads to pulmonary vasodilation. In persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, NO inhalation has already been used with some success. NO inhalation as the treatment for acute respiratory distress syndrome, however, has been disappointing. Only transient improvements of oxygenation were detected and the outcome of placebo-controlled trials did not show any improvement... [Pg.575]


See other pages where Placebos is mentioned: [Pg.141]    [Pg.93]    [Pg.429]    [Pg.430]    [Pg.280]    [Pg.281]    [Pg.314]    [Pg.122]    [Pg.113]    [Pg.114]    [Pg.114]    [Pg.114]    [Pg.115]    [Pg.115]    [Pg.115]    [Pg.212]    [Pg.226]    [Pg.310]    [Pg.310]    [Pg.517]    [Pg.120]    [Pg.20]    [Pg.176]    [Pg.144]    [Pg.144]    [Pg.161]    [Pg.161]    [Pg.183]    [Pg.221]    [Pg.386]    [Pg.406]    [Pg.469]    [Pg.511]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.142 , Pg.287 , Pg.313 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.375 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.26 , Pg.158 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.66 , Pg.249 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.11 , Pg.12 , Pg.60 , Pg.87 , Pg.92 , Pg.262 , Pg.275 , Pg.277 , Pg.280 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.65 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.205 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.17 , Pg.202 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.9 , Pg.61 , Pg.63 , Pg.64 , Pg.65 , Pg.66 , Pg.67 , Pg.69 , Pg.70 , Pg.77 , Pg.84 , Pg.88 , Pg.101 , Pg.102 , Pg.103 , Pg.104 , Pg.105 , Pg.106 , Pg.107 , Pg.109 , Pg.110 , Pg.111 , Pg.112 , Pg.123 , Pg.125 , Pg.126 , Pg.128 , Pg.129 , Pg.131 , Pg.132 , Pg.139 , Pg.140 , Pg.160 , Pg.161 , Pg.163 , Pg.165 , Pg.174 , Pg.175 , Pg.176 , Pg.181 , Pg.183 , Pg.191 , Pg.192 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.7 , Pg.16 , Pg.19 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.283 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.357 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.80 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.92 , Pg.288 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.288 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.845 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.157 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.5 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.51 , Pg.53 , Pg.54 , Pg.56 , Pg.64 , Pg.69 , Pg.74 , Pg.76 , Pg.82 , Pg.97 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.214 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.19 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.145 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.224 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.71 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.9 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.324 , Pg.325 , Pg.326 , Pg.330 , Pg.333 , Pg.334 , Pg.337 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.121 , Pg.128 , Pg.134 , Pg.135 , Pg.136 , Pg.144 , Pg.145 , Pg.147 , Pg.150 , Pg.155 , Pg.159 , Pg.160 , Pg.202 , Pg.203 , Pg.314 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.35 , Pg.46 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.165 , Pg.185 , Pg.190 , Pg.191 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.86 , Pg.206 , Pg.216 , Pg.219 , Pg.225 , Pg.233 , Pg.234 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.31 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.384 ]




SEARCH



Active placebos

Acupuncture placebo

Alprazolam placebo-controlled studies

Alternatives to placebo-controlled designs

Antidepressants efficacy relative placebo

Antidepressants placebo-controlled study

Antidepressants versus placebo effects

Aromatherapy placebo effect

Balanced placebo design

Balanced placebo experimental

Blinding placebo-controlled trials

Buspirone placebo-controlled studies

Calcitonin placebo-controlled trial

Can Placebos Heal

Cannabinoids placebo-controlled studies

Clinical development placebos

Clinical placebo

Clinical trials placebo control

Clinical trials randomization, placebo-controlled

Clonazepam placebo-controlled studies

Clozapine placebo-controlled studies

Diazepam placebo-controlled studies

Double-blind placebo-controlled trial

Double-blind, placebo-controlled food

Double-blind, placebo-controlled food challeng

Double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge

Double-blinded placebo-controlled crossover

Double-blinded placebo-controlled crossover trials

Drug placebo

Drug response placebo effect

Drug trials statistics placebo effect

Dust mite allergy double-blind placebo controlled

Effects Placebo - Homeopathy

Gastrointestinal symptom placebo

Grass pollen allergy double-blind placebo controlled

Headache placebo

How Placebos Work

Inhaled glucocorticoids placebo

Inhibitors efficacy relative placebo

Injections, placebo

Lactose placebo tablets

Lorazepam placebo-controlled studies

Melatonin placebo-controlled trial

Metformin placebo-controlled trial

Methylphenidate placebo-controlled trial

Midazolam placebo-controlled studies

Multiple sclerosis placebo effect

Neurotoxicity placebo

Pediatric studies placebo control

Perceived placebo effect

Phenobarbital placebos

Phenol placebo

Placebo (A)

Placebo abnormalities

Placebo alternatives

Placebo arm

Placebo clinical trials

Placebo comparative

Placebo comparisons

Placebo control

Placebo controlled trials

Placebo controls regional differences

Placebo controls, ethical considerations

Placebo effect

Placebo effect depressants

Placebo effect drug trials

Placebo effect pain perception

Placebo effect, safety performance

Placebo effect, safety performance measurement

Placebo effects factors affecting

Placebo hazards

Placebo procedural-related

Placebo reactions

Placebo responses

Placebo responses antidepressants

Placebo responses concepts

Placebo responses schizophrenia

Placebo responses, reduction

Placebo risk/benefit analysis

Placebo run-in period

Placebo studies

Placebo subject numbers

Placebo tablet

Placebo treatment

Placebo treatment groups

Placebo use

Placebo versus antidepressants

Placebo, definition

Placebo-controlled clinical trials

Placebo-controlled crossover study

Placebo-controlled studies

Placebo-controlled studies advantages

Placebo-controlled studies blind

Placebo-controlled studies phase

Placebo-controlled studies subject numbers

Placebo-controlled study designs

Placebo-controlled trials ethics

Placebo-controlled, parallel group design

Placebo: general

Placebos Heal

Placebos about placebo groups

Placebos and blinding

Placebos as comparators

Placebos design

Placebos dosage studies

Placebos meta-analysis

Placebos run-ins

Placebos treatment benefit measures

Placebos with ACES

Placebos/placebo effects

Placebos/placebo effects prescribing

Quetiapine placebo-controlled studies

Reverse placebo provocation

Risperidone placebo-controlled studies

Single-blind placebo trial

Specificity placebo

Standing Alone against Placebo

Symptoms, placebo effect

The placebo effect

Trials placebo

True placebo effect

Volunteers placebo responses

Zaleplon placebo-controlled studies

Ziprasidone placebo controlled

Zolpidem placebo-controlled studies

© 2024 chempedia.info