Drugs comparator

By the treatment of oat spelt xylan with phenyl or tolyl isocyanate in pyridine the fully fimctionahzed corresponding carbamates were prepared [416]. Xylan 3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate showed higher recognition abihty for chiral drugs compared to that of the same cellulose derivative [417]. 

Reference Study design (location) Drugs compared (n)... 

Specimens containing PCP were somewhat less likely to contain other drugs than were specimens containing any drugs other than PCP, Forty-nine percent of the PCP-positive specimens contained another drug, compared with 52 percent of the cocaine positives,... 

Thirty-five to eighty-seven percent of the patients studied received antiparkinson drugs. Compared to other countries, Japan and Singapore used the most of these antidotes for drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms. This is most likely related to the frequent use of high-dosage antipsychotic drugs and poly-antipsychotics (see Table 12.3). 

Olive oil was the original model lipid for partition studies, and was used by Overton in his pioneering research [518,524], It fell out of favor since the 1960s, over concerns about standardizing olive oil from different sources. At that time, octanol replaced olive oil as the standard for partition coefficient measurements. However, from time to time, literature articles on the use of olive oil appear. For example, Poulin et al. [264] were able to demonstrate that partition coefficients based on olive oil-water better predict the in vivo adipose-tissue distribution of drugs, compared to those from octanol-water. The correlation between in vivo log Kp (adipose tissue-plasma) and log (olive oil-water) was 0.98 (r2), compared to 0.11 (r2) in the case of octanol. Adipose tissue is white fat, composed mostly of triglycerides. The improved predictive performance of olive oil may be due to its triglyceride content. 

Miproxifene (TAT-59) is a prodrug of 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen that has been developed for tamoxifen-resistant carcinoma, but relatively little information has been published on this drug. Compared with tamoxifen, miproxifene inhibits estradiol-stimulated proliferation of MCF-7 cells at a threefold lower dose than that of tamoxifen, and of dimethyl-benzanthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary tumors at a dose tenfold lower than tamoxifen (Toko et al. 1990). In any event, in preclinical castrated rat models, it shows an endometrial stimulation activity that is similar to that of tamoxifen, which means it has limited potential use in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis or cardiovascular disease (Shibata et al. 2000). Similarly, considering the preclinical findings of endometrial stimulation reported on GW5638 (Willson et al. 1997), it is likely that this new SERM belonging to the triphenylethylene family will be limited in clinical use to the treatment of advanced tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer once its efficacy is demonstrated in human clinical trials. 

Methamphetamine can also come in the form of colored pills or tablets (Figure 2.2), which many users consider safer than raw powder because they are less likely to be laced with contaminants. However, pill and tablet forms of methamphetamine often do contain impurities. These forms often produce less of a rush (the immediate pleasurable feeling produced by a drug) compared to when the drug is injected or smoked. This is because the pills must be absorbed through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract prior to entering the bloodstream and subsequently the brain. 

The objective of clinical trials is to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of the drug compared to placebo or control. The statistical method normally used is known as hypothesis testing. 

Mencher, S.K. and Wang, L.G. (2005) Promiscuous drugs compared to selective drugs (promiscuity can be a virtue). BMC Clinical Pharmacology, 5 (1), 3-13. 

HPLC separation at elevated pressure using 2 mm i.d., 1.7 pm C18 stationary phase columns was found to provide a 12x faster separation and better resolution of different analytes in seized drugs compared to conventional HPLC [22]. Twenty-four solutes of different drug classes, including... 

Which drug, compared with the rest, would be expected to produce a significantly higher concentration of active metabolite in cells infected with its target virus ... 

Non-inferiority of the new drug compared with established treatment. 

Furthermore, clinical trials are performed in various cultural and geographical settings. Transcultural differences may play a significant role in drug efficacy e.g. oriental populations require much lower doses of antipsychotic drugs compared with Caucasian patient populations. Phase IV trials also may be performed to explore possible novel uses for compounds approved and marketed in other indications (e.g. treatment of anxiety disorders with antidepressants, treatment of bipolar disorder with anticonvulsants, etc.). 

Goodman has opined that the backbone of pharmacologic treatment for OCD is a 10- to 12-week trial with an SRI in adequate doses. In most cases, treatment should be initiated with an SSRI because of the superior safety, tolerability, and equivalent efficacy of this class of drugs compared with clomipramine ( 195). Fluoxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine, and paroxetine have, in separate multicenter trials, demonstrated efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of OCD ( 196). Citalopram, a recently marketed SSRI, also should be effective in the treatment of OCD (197). 

---