Equipment and Piping

Specific provisions should be made with regard to the seismic design of 

The following points should be taken into account to improve the 

Such measures should also be taken with reference to all possible sources of vibration (e.g. aircraft crash, operational vibrations and explosions), as their effect may be different from the effects induced by seismic vibrations. 

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Plastics and Elastomers. Common plastics and elastomers (qv) show exceUent resistance to hydrochloric acid within the temperature limits of the materials. Soft natural mbber compounds have been used for many years as liners for concentrated hydrochloric acid storage tanks up to a temperature of 60°C (see Rubber, natural). SemUiard mbber is used as linings in pipe and equipment at temperatures up to 70°C and hard mbber is used for pipes up to 50°C and pressures up to 345 kPa (50 psig). When contaminants are present, synthetic elastomers such as neoprene, nitrile, butyl. 

Fig. 12. Piperack, piping, and equipment relationships in a petroleum plant. A—E signify dimensions which affect piping cost.

DOT 17E phenolic-lined steel pails and dmms, respectively. Plain steel is not suitable for isopropyl alcohol containing water because msting can result. Instead, baked phenolic-lined steel tanks are used. Aluminum is also unsuitable. It is attacked by isopropyl alcohol, especially the anhydrous grade, resulting ia the formation of aluminum isopropoxide. Containers must comply with DOT specifications. Tanks, piping, and equipment can be made of similar material. 

Chlorosulfuric acid attacks brass, bronze, lead, and most other nonferrous metals. From a corrosion standpoint, carbon steel and cast Hon are acceptable below 35°C provided color and Hon content is not a concern. Stainless steels (300-series) and certain aluminum alloys are acceptable materials of constmction, as is HasteUoy. Glass, glass-lined steel, or Teflon-lined piping and equipment are the preferred materials at elevated temperatures and/or high velocities or where trace Hon contamination is a problem, such as in the synthetic detergent industry. 

Pressure test piping and equipment Flush and clean piping and equipment Drain water to prevent freezing Blow out piping Continuity testing with air... 

Pressure relief is not required when the heat exchanger, including upstream and downstream piping and equipment, is designed for two-thirds of the high pressure side design pressure (section 3.18.2). 

Flare systems are subject to potential flashback and internal explosion since flammable vapor/air mixtures may be formed in the stack or inlet piping by the entry of air, and the pilot constitutes a continuous ignition source. Flares are therefore always provided with flashback protection, which prevents a flame front from travelling back to the upstream piping and equipment. Design details are described later. 

Schmidt, H. 1971. Protective Measures and Experiences m Acetylene Decomposition m Piping and Equipment. IChemE Symposium Series No. 34, pp. 165ff. Institution of Chemical Engineers, Rugby, England. 

Used by permission Turner, W. C., and Malloy, J. F. Handbook of Thermal Insulation Design Economics for Pipe and Equipment, 1980. R. E. Krieger Publishing Company Joint edition with McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 

If complete system drainage and pump-out is to be made into this vessel, then the volume capacity of all of the piping and equipment must be taken into account. 

Pipe scale, hydrocarbon solids, hydrates, and other deposits removed from piping and equipment prior to transportation... 

A recent survey by du Pont on all failures in their metallic piping and equipment taking place during a 4-year period showed corrosion accounting for 55% of total failures. Table 9.3 lists the major causes of corrosion failure in this wide ranging survey. 

Where failure of the glass could cause injury, pipes and equipment should be protected by external shielding or wrapping with plastic tape. 

Piping and equipment shall be supported in a substantial and workmanlike manner, so as to prevent or reduce excessive vibration, and shall be anchored sufficiently to prevent undue strains on connected equipment. 

Capacity. Pressure relief or other suitable protective devices of sufficient capacity and sensitivity shall be installed and maintained to ensure that the MAOP of the station piping and equipment is not exceeded by more than 10%. 

Fixed water spray systems are most commonly used to protect flammable liquid and gas vessels, piping and equipment, process structures and equipment, electrical equipment such as transformers, oil switches, rotating electrical machinery, and openings through which conveyors pass. The type of water spray will depend on the nature of the hazard and the purpose for which the protection is provided. 

Cooling load calculations have been performed on a room-by-room basis. Considerations include motor load, radiation from heated vessels, radiation from thinly insulated process and utility piping and equipment, electrical loads, and AHU supply fan motors for air handling units. 

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