Pipelines and valves

Decisions with regard to the specification of components for pneumatic conveying systems do not end with the feeder, air mover and filter. There are likely to be numerous valves on the plant, and the pipeline is just as important. This importance is significantly magnified 

1 Pipelines Decisions do have to be made with regard to the pipeline. Material, wall thickness, surface finish and steps, all have to be given due consideration, as well as 

If the material to be conveyed is not abrasive at all, a thin-walled pipeline could be suitable for the duty. Pipeline weight in kg per metre could be added to Table 4.1 and this would show a marked difference. Lighter pipe sections will certainly make construction of the pipeline easier, particularly if there are vertical sections to erect. 

3 Pipeline rotation If a pipeline is to convey an abrasive material having a large particle size, the particles will tend to skip along the pipeline and so wear a groove on the bottom of the pipeline. In this case a thick-walled pipeline would be essential, but if the pipeline was to be rotated periodically, this would extend the life of the pipeline considerably. For this purpose the pipeline must be located in a place where convenient 

4 Pipeline material Although steel is the most commonly used pipeline material, many other materials are available to suit the conveyed material and duty. It was mentioned above that thin-walled pipe would be easier to handle and erect because it is lighter. Aluminium pipe is often used for this purpose. Because of problems of moisture and condensation in pipelines there is always the possibility of steel msting and contaminating the conveyed material. In cases where hygiene is important, such as with many food and pharmaceutical products, the pipeline will need to be made from stainless steel. 

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Recently in some types of refuelling stations, corrosion-resistant materials have been used between the filter-water separator and the outlet pipeline and valves, usually stainless steel, rarely aluminum. If these are buried, they must have good insulating coating and be electrically separated from other tank installations by insulating couplings. 

Depending on spray pressure and the strainer, pipeline, and valve resistance, the pumping head is normally in the 16 to 24 m range. 

The inlet and outlet flows will face resistance from pipelines and valves and may be modelled using the methods of Chapters 6 and 10. The variables necessary to determine these flows are the upstream pressure, the upstream specific volume, the downstream pressure and the valve position. The internal mass flows, Wj, i =, ...,N, are calculated as the flows through each nozzle, and this procedure may be carried out iteratively at each timestep. Calculation of the overall performance of the turbine at each timestep follows the following sequence. 

Pure Teflon (PTFE) gaskets are used as a precautionary measure in all flanged joints of pipeline and valves. 

Steam is one of the most common options for heating. However, a steam pressure of 10 kg/cm and more will be required for achieving 150 °C and higher temperatures. This needs specially designed and fabricated vessels (heating jackets and coils), steam pipelines, and valves, with the approval of Pressure Vessel and Steam Boiler Inspection Authorities in the country. This is not necessary when heat transfer oils are used for heating even up to 270 °C as the system can operate at atmospheric pressure. 

HTO circulation system (circulation tank, pump, expansion tank, pipelines and valves instrumentation and alarms) and suitable insulation and cladding on the hot oil tanks, piping, and valves. 

Each loop includes a water tank of 50 m volume, a 700 kW heat exchanger, a 600 kW air-cooled heat exchanger, an expansion tank, pipelines and valves. 

Sufficient space should be available for installation of the fuel oil tank, fuel oil pump and burner, firing chamber, air blower, chimney for exhaust flue gases, hot oil circulation tank, pump, expansion tank, connecting pipelines and valves, control panel, etc. and around them for ease of maintenance. 

All equipment, pipelines and valves, operating under primary circuit pressure, are arranged in the protective shell. 

As shown in Fig. V-8, V-9 and V-11, for a floating NPP, the reactor and the main equipment and the pipelines and valves operated under primary circuit pressure are arranged in the reactor compartment. Auxiliary equipment is arranged in the compartment adjoining the reactor compartment on the side of the turbine compartment. 

Pumps, water and boron solution storage tank, pipelines and valves of the make-up system ... 

CAN/CGSB 24.2-M86, Identification of Medical Gas Containers, Pipelines and Valves, Canadian General Standards Board, 222 Queen Street, Suite 1402, Ottawa, ON Canada, K1A 1G6. 

The paths for coolant circulation in the two circuits (the main and the auxiliary one) of the primary system are formed exclusively by the components of the in-vessel devices within the reactor mono-block vessel without any pipelines and valves being used. 

In Canada, the Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations of Transport Canada will apply. [5] Identification of the contents of portable medical gas containers must be as laid out in the Canadian General Standards Board Standard for Identification of Medical Gas Containers, Pipelines, and Valves. [7]... 

Shape molding machines (Figure 1.192) are used to manufacture molded parts from thermoplastic particle foam. These basically consist of a mold clamping unit with two steam chambers, clamping surfaces for the mold inside the steam chambers, a filling unit, as well as pipeline and valves, which are needed to guide the process media. 

General Description. Solid particle erosion (SPE) is the loss of surface material that results from repeated impacts of small, solid particles. In some cases SPE is a useful phenomenon, as in sandblasting and highspeed abrasive waterjet cutting, but it is a serious problem in many engineering systems, including steam and jet turbines, pipelines and valves carrying particulate matter, and fluidized bed combustion systems. 

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