Pipeline transport costs

Bjorkvoll, T (1994) Natural gas pipeline transportation Costs, tariffs and capacity. (In Norwegian) Doctoral dissertation, 1994 73 ISBN 82-7119-678-2... 

Fig. 1. (A) Pipeline transport cost of wood chips without carrier fluid return pipeline. (B) Pipeline transport cost of wood chips with carrier fluid return pipeline.

Two-way pipeline transport cost of water wood chip slurry ... 

X—Pipeline transport cost (Wasp et al.) — —Pipeline transport cost with carrier fluid return pipeline —A—Pipeline transport cost without carrier fluid return pipeline Truck transport cost of woodchips - FERIC... 

Once captured, the CO2 must be transported to the eventual storage site and injected into wells. Ogden (2002) notes these disposal costs (Cp) are the sum of the pipeline transport costs (Cpj), the costs of drilling and operating the disposal wells (C vv)/ and any surface piping that connects various disposal wells in large operations (Cgp) ... 

For pipeline transport costs, Ogden estimates the following relationship ... 

Gaseous hydrogen may be carried widely by pipelines. Pipeline transportation costs are divided into three components energy, compressor capital cost, and pipeline capital cost. Pipeline transportation costs are affected by the pipeline characteristics, compressor characteristics, production rate, transportation distance, and hydrogen properties. Unlike other transportation options, the methodology used in HjSim to determine pipeline transportation costs is not drawn from Amos (1998) work, as it offers users considerably more options than just a single pipeline. The basic assumptions regarding the pipeline and compressor characteristics are summarized in Table 7.9. 

Figure 7.5. Transportation costs for 100 miles as a function of hydrogen transport rate. (Note Pipeline transportation costs exceed the scale for a transport rate of lOOOkg/day.)...

Crude oil and gas from offshore platforms are evacuated by pipeline or alternatively, in the case of oil, by tanker. Pipeline transport is the most common means of evacuating hydrocarbons, particularly where large volumes are concerned. Although a pipeline may seem a fairly basic piece of equipment, failure to design a line for the appropriate capacity, or to withstand operating conditions over the field life time, can prove very costly in terms of deferred oil production. 

The largest pipeline transport of gas, by far, is the movement of methane (natural gas). Natural gas can be Hquefted, but it is not pipelined in Hquid form because of cost and safety considerations. For overseas transport, it is shipped as Hquefted natural gas (LNG) in insulated tankers, unloaded at special unloading faciHties, vaporized, and then transported over land in pipelines as a gas. 

Ammonia is usually transported for long distances by barge, pipeline, and rail, and for short distances by tmck Eactors that govern the type of carrier used in anhydrous ammonia transportation systems are distance, location of plant site in relation to consuming area, availabihty of transportation equipment, and relative cost of available carriers. Typical costs (83) of pipeline, barge, and rail modes for long distance transport are 0.0153, 0.0161, and 0.0215 per ton per kilometer, respectively, for distances of about 1600 km. Short distance tmck transportation costs (83) are much higher. Costs are typically 0.0365/(t km) for distances on the order of 160 km. 

The cost of pipeline transportation will be determined by the pipeline route, in which physical and social geography will be crucial conditions. 

A complete hydrogen pipeline infrastructure would include both transmission and distribution to minimize the overall hydrogen transport cost [6], When one considers the cost for pipeline infrastructure, there will be some semioptimized operating pressure range that determines the overall costs, including the cost of compression based on the distance... 

Large railway trains could be used as a means of transport for onshore distances as well (compare Odenberger and Svensson, 2003). However, the specific costs estimated by these authors for railway transportation were considerably higher than for pipeline transportation. 

Hydrogen transport in natural-gas pipelines Several studies discuss the use of existing natural-gas pipelines to transmit either pure hydrogen with modifications or hydrogen and natural gas blends, because the hydrogen transport costs could be considerably reduced if the natural-gas infrastructure could be adapted to hydrogen. 

Table 12.4 shows the technoeconomic assumptions for trailer transport of liquid hydrogen. A large part of the trailer costs are the wages of the driver. The variable costs increase with increasing transport distance, because of the fuel consumption of the trailers themselves. To be able to make a direct cost comparison between trailer and pipeline transport, the liquefaction costs (of which electricity costs account for some 30%-60%) need to be taken into account as well. 

Hydrogen transport costs are in the range of 1 to 4 ct/kWh, with a downward trend in later periods due to the economies of scale achieved by large scale pipeline transport. 

Ethylene trucks are expensive to build and operate. The fuel, the ethylene loss, and the energy necessary to liquefy the ethylene are costly factors. So most transport of ethylene is by pipeline. Although the operating costs of a pipeline are low, the initial construction costs are high. Pipeline transport, like most other aspects of ethylene, is capital intensive. For this reason, most consumers of ethylene are located in proximity to the producers of ethylene. 

In order to save materials transportation costs, a petrochemical plant frequently will be located adjacent to apetroleum refinery or gas processing plant. Short pipelines call be used iu place of leasing long pipelines or having to depend upon tank car shipments by rail or truck. This also contributes to the overall safety of production. A representative petrochemical plant adjacent to a refinery is shown in Fig. 2 on. 

The competitiveness of the discussed pipeline routes will largely depend on the transportation costs and the transit fees. Experience from North America and Great Britain shows that owing to the liberal market conditions economic competitiveness becomes a main criteria. This means that longterm contracts will be less attractive. 

The transportation costs vary between 10-20 US /1000m3 for 1000 km, in accordance with pipelines capacity, their location (onshore/offshore) and total distance. The transit fee equal 5-10 % of transported gas price, and varies in accordance with international and currently existing practice for various countries. The tax exemptions for the Blue Stream pipeline on the Russian and Turkish territories, which allow substantial improvement of the economy, are also taken into consideration. 

---