Pipeline routes

The anode may be installed in conventional groundbeds or be laid in close proximity to the cathode, e.g. parallel to a pipeline route. The anode may be buried either directly in soil or in carbonaceous backfill. The major applications for this material are tank protection, internal protection, mitigation of poor current distribution and hot spot protection, i.e. to supplement conventional cathodic protection systems and provide increased levels of cathodic protection in areas that exhibit low levels of protection. 

The situation is further compounded by major oil and gas deposits in Northern Iraq and Azerbaijan (Caspian Sea), as well as critically important and contentious pipeline routes such as Balor-Ceyhan and Baku-Supsa. The volatility of this region can be seen even today, with the deployment of Russian troops in Chechnya. Indeed the three states that make up the geostrategic unit of the South Caucasus, - Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, two of whom share borders with Turkey, will be directly impacted by the advancement of Russian forces in Dagestan and Chechnya. 

The cost of pipeline transportation will be determined by the pipeline route, in which physical and social geography will be crucial conditions. 

Pipeline Routing and Bend Design. Direction changes should be kept to an absolute minimum in order to keep the number of bends that are considered to be the major attrition sources as low as possible. This helps also to reduce the conveying line pressure drop and with it the gas expansion effect. 

Petroleum commodities (gas and oil), are normally transported in pipelines from source points to collection and processing facilities. Pipelines route unprocessed or refined products to centers of manufacturing and sales from areas of extraction, separation and refining. Where a pipeline system is unavailable, trucking is... 

The competitiveness of the discussed pipeline routes will largely depend on the transportation costs and the transit fees. Experience from North America and Great Britain shows that owing to the liberal market conditions economic competitiveness becomes a main criteria. This means that longterm contracts will be less attractive. 

Figure 4 presents the results of the economic appraisal on relative terms. On this basis the competitiveness of each pipeline route can be estimated. 

Re-adjustment of the design and re-alignment of the pipeline route and facilities to the existing physical environment structural, organization and dynamics ... 

The traditional geotechnical survey is characterized by discrete information. It means that old survey methods cannot provide comprehensive data on the geological structure, substance composition and properties of the whole pipeline route. This principle is not observed in all the three main gas pipeline cases. The technical documentation of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline, the South-Caucasus Pipeline system, and particularly of the North-South Caucasus Gas Pipeline does not include longitudinal geotechnical profiles of the route and the pipeline corridor in the geotechnical maps. Trial pits and boreholes that are arranged approximately 1,5-... 

The geotechnical surveys for the design and construction of main pipelines should provide comprehensive data on geological structures, properties and composition of substances of the entire pipeline route. This can be accomplished by applying a continuous engineering method which will be explained in the next paragraph. 

Technological complexities of natural gas transportation over a long distance requires additional factors to be taken into account, from which the basic is the degree of its compression along the pipeline route causing a corresponding variability of density of the transported media. Therefore the reliability of gas mains in many ways depends on the functioning of the compressor stations. Even the most extreme situation arises when... 

Geotechnical investigations and pipeline routing 261-269 Survey, design, construction and operation peculiarities 240-244, 249-258... 

Ground profile Plot of physical ground elevations along a pipeline route. 

In the beginning of 2000, constmction of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan main oil export pipeline began. It crossed territories of plague and tularemia natural foci. The pipeline s main stockholder, British Petroleum, contracted the NCDC and the S. Imamaliyev Republic AP Station (Baku, Azerbaijan) to carry out short-term, commercially-funded epi-zoological surveys of areas along the pipeline route. 

Not only will we have faster transportation, but it will be better and cheaper transportation, and there will be more of it. There will be a myriad of new packages, new cars, new trucks, new water, air, and pipeline routes, and, more importantly, there will be coordination among these forms of transport— interchangeable facilities, through rates, and through routes. 

The 1960 s will see a greater use of pipeline transportation for chemicals. Increased storage and distribution facilities along the pipeline routes will overcome the volume problems. New detergents, which quickly and efficiently clear the lines, will enable a large variety of products to be handled through a single line. 

Long-term disequilibrium comes from a structural mismatch between supply and demand, such as that forecast by the lEA today in gas and oil. Long-term energy demand is especially difficult to predict with sufficient accuracy to assess future prices, whereas investments to respond to potential future shortages or high prices have to be decided now. Underprovision of substitute sources of energy or supply (for example, in nuclear power, LNG import facilities, or alternative pipeline routes) can therefore occur. 

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